Arthur Millers Life and Influences Essay

Arthur Miller has been one of Americas best known play writers who emerged in the United States since World War II. He has been writing since the age of seventeen and bases his work on personal experiences while attacking political views. One of his best known works is The Death of a Salesman which is about a man named Willy Loman who tries to emerge in the business industry and present a better image of him in society. Another important play is The Crucible which is about the Salem witch trials in Massachusetts where people blame one another of being witches to save themselves. Through his plays, Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, Arthur Miller expresses his own personal life and criticizes the events of the second Red Scare after World War II. As a young adult, Arthur Miller worked in his father’s textile mill and would observe the behaviors of the employees. Miller would analyze his father, relatives or other hired business men working for his father, and saw how these men tried so hard to become successful because some couldn’t even sell anything. He would recognize how fast they would age because of so much work they went through just to try and rise economically. During the 1920s people felt that if they had money they would be accepted by society. If not then no one would care. Like many people Arthur Miller realized that the people in his father’s factory are disillusioned by the fact of becoming rich, successful and beating everyone else at the business game. While working there Miller started writing a short story in which he was influenced by the salesman in the factory. Manny Newman was one of Arthur Miller’s uncles that worked as a salesman in his father’s textile factory and after writing the short story his uncle’s life influenced Miller even more. Newman was often very competitive with the other salesman in the industry, even his own sons Buddy and Abby Loman. Buddy was the oldest son of Newman who was very athletic and popular with the girls but didn’t end up graduating from high school. Abby was his youngest son who was well on his way but still wasn’t sure about his life career. Miller said that â€Å"The Newman house hold was one in which you dared not lose hope and I would later think of it as a perfection of America for that reason†¦ It was a house trembling with resolution and shouts of victories that had not yet taken place but surely would tomorrow. â€Å"(Arthur Miller 3) It describes the disillusionment of the Newman family which later caused Arthur Miller to rewrite his short story, turn into a play and name it The Death of a Salesman. In Arthur Miller’s play, The Death of Salesman, he reflects upon the society he observed and their determination to succeed even when their dream was not going anywhere they wanted it to be. In the play, Miller asserts that â€Å"the underlying struggle of all such dramas is that of the individual attempting to gain his rightful position in society. †(Thompson 1). He compares Willy Loman to Manny Newman, his uncle, and tells the story of the family and his struggle to achieve his American dream of wealth. Like Newman, the character, Willy Loman tries to fit into society because society would not accept him as a failure. â€Å"He has based his own identity and self-worth on social acceptance—on how â€Å"well-liked† he is† (Thompson 2). Willy Loman constantly tried to find ways to sell things or become wealthy but he never succeeded. This causes Willy to feel out of place in society just like Newman and other people who weren’t wealthy in the 1920s because society would not care for the common man. Willy Loman is the biggest symbol in The Death of a Salesman; he is an important figure of society and commits himself to a fake society which blinds him from the values of human experience. In addition through his whole life and career, he has wanted to be wealthy but never succeeded his â€Å"American Dream†. Willy Loman â€Å"†¦Has completely sold himself to what is at best an anachronistic dream—that anyone can get ahead. This is what he has been brought up to believe, the promise of his mythic (salesman) heroes. † (Gordon 3). This shows how he always compared himself to other wealthy people like his brother and complained how his brother became wealthy but yet he never did when he had the same choice as his brother. He was disillusioned by the fact that he wanted a successful family so he even tried to push his own sons into the business industry because he believed it was the best choice for them. His two sons didn’t want to be salesmen and weren’t even good at it especially his son Biff. Willy worried about who Biff was going to be because he was the oldest and still didn’t have a manageable career or life. â€Å"He commits suicide to give his sons the only thing his society respects—cash. †(Gordon 2). Willy believed that he was more valuable dead than alive and was the only way he could give money to his sons. He wanted them to be recognized in the civilization so killing himself was the only alternative. Using his life insurance he would give money to his family making them wealthy and cceptable in society just like in his â€Å"American Dream†. Miller was also influenced by McCarthyism an important event in history and his life during the 1940s and 50s after world war two. Ever since the end of WWII the United States citizens have been blaming the social unrest on communist. Many people were afraid that the communists would take over and no one knew what communist looked like so they easily blamed people for the smallest things. â€Å"Communist rhetoric became common among displaced workers as well as artist and intellectuals† (McCarthyism 2009). Anybody who questioned or protested against laws in the United States would easily be blamed as a communist because they would be going against their own country. There was a growing paranoia as the time went on and many people wanted to stop communism from spreading which became the central theme of American policy both at home and work. Even then the people had already been losing their rights and privacy â€Å"Smith Act was passed, making it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of government. Various loyalty programs designed to weed out communist from jobs in the federal government were put into place†¦ (McCarthyism 2009). The United States was coming into full chaos because even at one point they were blaming European immigrants of being communist because that is where it first emerged. Even many Russians were being deported to keep communism away according to some people and make the United States citizens feel safe and secure. McCarthyism first started with the senator Joseph McCarthy accusing others of being communist to only make himself look better. Joseph McCarthy was not the best senator and had many problems like temperance. Many people did not like him and he was afraid of losing his position so his only alternative was to seem like a hero. â€Å"McCarthy and his allies claimed that communist had infiltrated the government and other institutions†¦the attacks were baseless but nevertheless destroyed the careers of thousands of individuals. †(McCarthyism 2009). Calming others were communist made it look like he was saving the world. Many people were intimidated by McCarthy and some told the truth but McCarthy took the alternative of not believing them because it was more reasonable for some Americans to believe they told a lie instead of the truth. As a result the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was created which attacked anybody who was blamed of being communist and Joseph McCarthy was a member of this Committee because he was the first to raise this paranoia even more. He took the advantage of the second Red Scare to make himself seem like a more productive senator. â€Å"HUAC members would browbeat their prey-some of whom were there on the basis of the flimsiest of evidence. Admitting their own past ties to the communist party†¦others who participated with them. (McCarthyism 2009). HUAC had the right to question anybody for any suspicion and invade their privacy. It showed how much America has changed because of some hysteria that people fell into because of a man wanting to be a hero. Arthur Miller was one of the targets of the HUAC members who was committed of being a communist by Joseph McCarthy. Joseph McCarthy often went against artist and other media arts members because they were the ones who often criticized the society in the United States through their media works. Arthur Miller was a playwright and had plays to show his work live during this time and they felt that he projected communism at his own plays. â€Å"He admitted that he had attended a meeting of communist writers, he refused to identify anyone he had met there and denied ever having been a member of the communist party† (Baughman 3). This made Arthur miller realize that the society then was like the society during the Puritan Era when people blamed each other of being witches. This later influenced him to write his book The Crucible a year later after his conviction. Millers The Crucible first started because of the accusations in United States which reflected upon the Salem witch trials in 1692. â€Å"Millers play employs these historical events to criticize the moments in human kinds history when reason and fact became clouded by irrational fears and the desire to place blame for society’s problems on others. †(DISCovering Authross,2003). Puritans accepted accusations and anything that might seem unreal so people could easily tell lies. They wouldn’t take reason into consideration and it involved hunting down and exposing of people suspected of being witches exactly like HUAC hunting down communist. Arthur miller wrote The Crucible as a commentary on McCarthyism then the actual Salem witch trials. Although the book does take place in Massachusetts during the Salem witch trials he wrote the book to show what was wrong with the American society. â€Å"Miller illustrates his conviction that one can assert his â€Å"personality dignity† and â€Å"act against the scheme of things that degrades. † (Gordon 2). Miller expresses that idea through John proctor who won’t cooperate with the court on the witch trails and has his own opinion on what to believe. He doesn’t fall into the ideas that witchcraft is taking over just like Miller doesn’t cooperate with HUAC or falls into the chaos going on in his time period. As a result of this book miller was accused of being a communist again and later left the U. S. because he felt that everything in the society has gone too far and became a British citizen. Through his works we can see how Miller attacks the society that supposedly â€Å"rewards† the people with freedom because it is their right. Miller creates allusions through real life experiences that he has been through which is one of the reasons why his works have been so influential and prestigious. McCarthyism played a big role on The Crucible reflecting a modern society with the old Puritan era society saying that society has and never will change. As for The Death of a Salesman we can see how much the American dream has blinded people to try and achieve something they most likely never will and try to be fake to achieve it. People need to learn to face reality and accept it how it is because many people are lost only because they won’t accept their own.

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics2

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics The world of science would find itself lost without research. Research alone however, oftentimes will not answer the questions or solve the problems that scientists set out to solve. Statistics is where research becomes applied and scientists can make educated guesses about future outcomes. â€Å"Formally, statistics is a branch of mathematics that focuses on organization, analysis, and interpretation of a group of numbers† (Aron, Aron, and Coups, 2006). There are two main branches of statistics that we will explore; descriptive and inferential statistics. The main relationship between descriptive and inferential statistics is that they all include numbers from either actual given information or inferred assumptions that try to draw a conclusion or complete given data. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics is a method of research used by psychologists. Descriptive statistics make statistics understandable and describes a group of numbers for a research study (Aron, Aron and Coups,2006). Descriptive statistics are used in summarizing large sets of quantitative or numerical information. If there is a large amount of information for measurement, the best way to show the information is by a graph (Boerre, 2005). Descriptive statistics provide a simple summary about the sample and the measurements. Descriptive statistics describes the data; it allows the researcher to understand a large amount of numbers or data in a simple way (Social Research, 2009). Central tendency refers to the idea that one number can summarize the entire set of measurement. This is a number that is in some way central to the set (Boerre, 2005). The mode is the measurement that has been found to be the most frequent. Although the mode, or greatest frequency number, is not used very often, it is useful when differences are rare or non-numerical (Boerre, 2005). The median is the number which is half of the measurement, or midpointof the numbers. The median is a good measurement of the centrality of the numbers and is a better measurement in centrality that the mean when the data is skewed (Boerre, 2005). The mean is the average. The mean is the sum of all the measurements, divided by the numbers of the measured. Mean is often used in central tendency (Boerre, 2005). Descriptive statistics may be used in measuring a person’s IQ. When intelligence testing is done, some of these tests are then shown in descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics might also be used in showing the GPA or grade point average of a class. Descriptive statistics makes information clear, concise, and easy to read (Social Research, 2009). An example of descriptive statistics would be tables and graphs which are used a lot in medical research studies. Descriptive statistics allow a researcher to describe or summarize their data. For example, descriptive statistics for a study using human subjects might include the sample size, mean age of participants, percentage of males and females, range of scores on a study measure, descriptive statistics are often briefly presented at the beginning of the Results†, according to, (Statistically Significant Consulting, LLC, 2003-2010). Inferential Statistics Conclusio n Statistics gives form to research in that it organizes, analyzes, and interprets the data collected. Descriptive statistics often describe groups or populations researched, whereas inferential statistics help its users draw conclusions about future events. Both of these statistical methods play valuable roles in science. References Aron, A. , Aron, E. , & Coups, E. (2006). Statistics for Psychology (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Statistically Significant Consulting, LLC, (2003-2010). Statistics Overview. Retrieved from http://www. statisticallysignificantconsulting. com/statistics101. htm

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Proposal - Essay Example As you said, the training would be done by you and not by others who quite frankly do not do it very well. Accordingly, our new brochures are being prepared. For instance, last year we spoke about my promotion to managerial position when we increased our sales team, if you would consider this to be now, then, I would propose that advertising ideas be done by someone like the person we previously met or alternately, it can be done by someone else who could do a good job, you or I could easily oversee and handle without any doubt. Then, between Brad, Robert and I, we could handle further duties. However, someone needs to steer the ship and be authoritative, since we need to introduce more decorum in the office. Because of these new demands, I have no problem with hiring or firing, I know it could get personal but if it is detrimental to the company, I have no alternative but to fire the underperforming person. When in business, I do not have an allegiance to anyone that is not performing well enough to satisfy the numbers we have projected. We also need to make sure we have people on a reserve basis so as not to have empty desks. To do this is not difficult, because there is a steady flow of talent available and we can interview and have back up without any problem. The need to obtain new accounts should be imperative, encouraged and propelled to the forefront with expected consequence. A new way of selling bullion is not difficult to do, we need to crush some numbers with Wilshire and rebook at a reasonable cost and selling prices, and this would bring us in line to compete with other companies. For us to be able to sell the Internet calls we get, this gives us the ability to get them into our fold for loads and conversion which is imperative for our long term goal and hence increase revenue of our company. When the going gets

Intradermal Injections Traditional Bevel Up Versus Bevel Down Article Lab Report

Intradermal Injections Traditional Bevel Up Versus Bevel Down Article Critique - Lab Report Example This is a traditional technique and widely accepted. Thus, the authors in this paper studied if the comfort levels vary in the two techniques. The authors use students with no experience what so ever as nurses in this study. They claim that it is important to have un-experienced candidates as nurses as they do not have any preferences towards the bevel up or bevel down technique. They call these nurses as having no "psychomotor skills". Is it a good idea to have nurses with no skills to test the technique The authors do not discuss on the effect of the technique on the cause itself. A bevel down injection might result in the medicine flowing into the lower layer of the dermis. Thus, a bevel up injection may be better as it is important to get the medicine deposited in the upper layer of the dermis. It might not have any effect but still some discussion on the effect of the technique on the cure would have helped. One of the most important factors of the experiment was to measure the size of the wheal. The reason is that it is a scientific factor to evaluate the effectiveness of a given technique. The size of the wheal probably correlates with the effectiveness of the technique. May be the wheal is not at all necessary for the effect to take place. This is necessary in-order to evaluate the results better. Page 2Page 278 "Please rate on a scale of 1 to 5 your comfort when receiving the intradermal injection, with one (1) being no discomfort and five (5) being 'hurts a lot'." Below this sentence was a row of five numbers with "no discomfort" above the "1" and "hurts a lot" above the "5." The subject circled a number. The form was then taken by the investigator, and the subject was given a second form with the same content for the second injection. In addition, it asked "Which injection was better" followed by" This is more or less the procedure used to analyze the technique. i.e., psychological analysis to differentiate between the two scientific methods - bevel up and bevel down methods of intra-dermal injections. This should have been the title of their paper. Apart from the psychological analysis, the authors should have evaluated the technique based upon some scientific tests. Unfortunately, they have not even mentioned any such experiments. This is a major draw back of the paper. Page 278 ".45 administered the intra-dermal injection bevel up the first time and 53 of them used the bevel-down technique the first time." And then on the page 279 "Subjects administered the bevel-up injection

Energy crisis (renewable energy VS Fossil fuel) Research Paper

Energy crisis (renewable energy VS Fossil fuel) - Research Paper Example There are different types of fuel that fall under either fossil or renewable and each has its own distinct characteristics setting it apart from the other. Fossil fuels are those that emanate from changes in the atmosphere from the carboniferous era and entail gas, petroleum and natural gas, where they were formed from high pressure and drastic environmental changes. On the other hand, renewable energy is that which originates from materials that receive continued replenishment from nature and include sunlight, rain, tides, wind and geothermal heat. Fossil fuels Fossil fuels that include coal, petroleum and natural gas have their advantages in the world in which we live, and they have not just began as they have been used since their discovery. Fossil fuels are deemed easily available to any interested party that would like to use them, where they occur in huge quantities. As such, they have been used for many years and in modern times with improved technology; there are attempts to find out more reserves of these fuels. In addition, technology has improved how these fuels can be harvested for use and processed for better use in relation to efficiency and quantity, where it is because of technology that fossil fuels are available in abundant amounts for use by all. Another advantage of fossil fuels lies for energy that they produce in relation to the amount of fuel burnt or consumed to produce energy. Little amounts of fossil fuels are required to produce large amount of energy to power large equipment and machinery that makes life easier. Fossil fuels, by having a composition of carbon and hydrogen molecules, have high stability such that they are not explosive under normal environmental conditions. This further makes them easy to store as they do not even form other compounds when left in storage for extended periods, which makes them easy to transport (Srivastava). One of the biggest advantages of fossil fuels is the ease with which they are extracted from t heir sources, which makes them inexpensive as they are harvested and processed at a relatively low cost, and is then transferred to consumers. Disadvantages of these fuels lie in their makeup, where they release too much heat and toxic gases when combusted such as carbon dioxide, which is a danger to the environment by causing global warming. In addition to this pollution, methods used to curb and control pollution around the globe consume much of the resources that are produced from the use of the fuels, which is a counteractive measure, economically. A major demerit of the use of fossil fuels is oil spills that occur from time to time in the extraction of petroleum from sea beds and leaks in oil tankers. Renewable energy comprises wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro power and biofuels, which are advantageous, but are little used in the world currently despite being the best form of alternative energy. Looking at these sources of energy reveals that they are easily renewed by t he environment continually and are to at risk of running out at all. As such, wind, solar and water as sources of energy can never be depleted as the sun keeps shining meaning it is an eternal source of energy provided they are harnessed efficiently("The 6 Primary Types†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Due to their ease of replenishment, they need little maintenance as a onetime installation is enough with periodic checks to ensure that they are still in working order, and there are not many variables to affect functionality negatively. In addition, they are clean, which is the

Management Communication Quarterly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Communication Quarterly - Essay Example There are majorly 2 types of communication, written and oral. Both are vital and decide the fate of the organizations based on the way the individuals interact and communicate. The research paper shed light on the present day scenario of written and oral communication in organizations. The research is a representative of the French approach to information and communication in organizations. It is an anchored research of the work done during the decade of 1985 and 1995 with its focus on French network ‘language and work’ .There has been a major shift from spoken language to written communication which led to further development in the field of research. Oral communication was replaced by written documents in workplaces, which led to long term research. This research involves immense variety of working papers, which showed a professional approach and communicated the relationship of the writer with the written text. Research is being conducted on aspects such as marking, f ormulating and text writing that are the functional aspect of written communication. Writing is the final stage of putting down words in text and also the succession of ideas for a long series of operations.

Educating High School Students About The Importance Of Contraceptives Research Paper

Educating High School Students About The Importance Of Contraceptives - Research Paper Example Providing sexual education to high school students on the significant of using contraceptives is crucial because it is one way of maintaining their health. The health of students is essential because it will enable students to study well in schools without any health complications. Earlier pregnancy to students may lead to health risks especially to young mothers. The research study indicates that a woman is supposed to start giving birth at least when she is more than 18 years old, but about 15 million teenagers bear children when they have not yet reached the required child bearing age. This poses a health risks to them, and the risk to younger mothers is higher than the risk to the mother above 25 to 25 years. For example, the maternal mortality rate for teenagers between 13 to 16 years of age is three times higher than females in their earlier or late twenties. Distributing and educating high school students on the significant of contraceptives will reduce the sexually transmitte d diseases such as HIV/ AIDS and other diseases. STDs pose dangerous threats notably to sexually active students. Most of the high school students are sexually active because of physical changes and peer group influences from their friends. Many of them do not understand the significant and the way of protecting themselves from unwanted pregnancies and STDs. Many societies are frown on issues of premarital sex; thus most high school students may feel ashamed or embarrassed in case they make efforts of seeking help about the use of contraceptives. Therefore, increasing awareness through educating students on the significant of health reproductive and HIV/ AIDS prevention is crucial (Hartman, Monasterio, and Hwang (233). For instance, the school my introduce this programs as school curriculum or provide mass education activities at least once in a month to all students. This is vital because it will raise awareness and enable students to engage in safe sexual intercourse. Sex educatio n on the use of contraceptives is one way through which students become aware of the problems associated with unwanted pregnancies and STDs. Distributing contraceptives such as condoms and educating students on having safe sex is vital. This is because it will enable students to make healthy sexual decisions. Many parents ignore to offer guidance and counseling or teach their teenagers on the importance of using contraceptives because of fear and believe that they will encourage sexual behaviors to their children (Bruess and Jerrold 314). However, educating teenagers on the importance of having safe sex is essential because high schools students already know about sex. For instance, the increased technological advancement especially media and Internet have exposed many teenagers to various sexual behaviors. Therefore, they know everything about sex;

Sexuality and chronic illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sexuality and chronic illness - Essay Example In people’s lives to define sexuality, the term gender is used. Gender is used to determine the sex of an individual being male or female. Gender is used to discuss the different identities, expectations and roles that the society associated with being male and female (McInnes, 2003). People in general view themselves in many ways as male or female. People use social, cultural and psychological characteristics when viewing their gender. Two terms describe behaviors associated with men and women; feminine and masculine. For most people, the sense of being male or female begins when one is young. Most people sense to belong to a certain gender according to their sexual body parts and their physical appearance. People develop certain behaviors and attitudes as per their societies and cultures. In these social and cultural environments individuals are expected to act, feel and think in a particular way according to their masculine or feminine gender. One cannot conceive the idea o f sex as being prior to that of gender since the two are a product of cultural, social and political factors. In the society today, people use different ways to view themselves as being male or female. Gender identification is one of the ways that people view themselves and mostly occurs when one is young. Children in their early years try to identify themselves with the same-sex parent. A boy identifies himself with the father and the girl identifies herself with the mother. People use language to view themselves as male or female. In English, words such as mankind and chairman are used to denote set positions for both men and women though they are biased to the male side. Other words include lady and gentleman used to identify duties for men and women. At times, people use mode of dressing as a way to view their gender. For mothers, they at times dress their children who are girls in pink colored clothes

Perspectives on Macroeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perspectives on Macroeconomics - Assignment Example First, the Greece government is responsible for allowing a weak political system that resulted to the mismanagement of domestic economy thereby contributing to the additional government debt at an incredible rate (Georgios, 2010). Compared to other Eurozone economies, this debt rate was very high. Secondly, the financial market especially the credit rating agencies were myopic in their prediction of the US sub-prime mortgage loan crisis of 2007. Consequently, the attempts to unveil potential sovereign debt crisis led to an overreaction and the country’s large budget deficits made the economy a target. Lastly, there was a fair part of the blame on the delayed reaction of the European Central Bank by the Eurozone governments particularly Germany (Georgios, 2010). Based on history, financial crisis tends to result to sharp downturns economically, low revenues for the government, government deficits that keep widening, high debts levels, and the pushing of government into defaults (OECD, 2013). A recession also results to high unemployment levels, falling average incomes and increased inequality. In the course of a recession, there is a fall in GDP that results to increased unemployment. Unemployment is attributed to firms going bankrupt hence most workers losing their jobs, and firms failure to hire new employees in the aim of reducing costs. In addition to not hiring new employees and reducing the number of employees, recession forces organizations to reduce costs which then translate to low wages especially the temporary workers (OECD, 2013). Reduction of costs amongst firms is also as a result of high costs of living that see most workers have their real wages cut. Fall in tax revenue is also another result of recession since firms make le ss profit that translates to low corporate tax; employees receive low income that result to lowered income tax; and lower expenditure result to lower VAT payments. Lower VAT payments were experienced in Greece during 2011

Identifying a Research-Worthy Problem Assignment

Identifying a Research-Worthy Problem - Assignment Example It is unfortunate that the school administrators who are charged with the responsibility of using school funds, either misuse, embezzle or abuse them. This has caused a lot of havoc to the ordinary American children who entirely depend on public education (Starr, 2014). Therefore, this paper will be about a research on the misappropriation of school funds by the public school administrators. Unlike private schools which are sponsored by their owners or supported by the fees levied directly from the learners, public schools need to get resources from the local, state and federal government. Without such interventions, they might not get money to use in running their day to day activities. The little money they get from tuition and catering services are not sufficient to sustain them throughout the year (Radin, 2006). Since each school has diverse needs and preferences, it would be better if their administrators are given an opportunity to have a direct control over their expenditure. They use such opportunities to identify priority areas and allocate them enough funds. According to the Department of Education, more than $500 of school funds have been misused, embezzled or abused since the year 1998. This has been proven by the unending scandals involving school principals and administrators since all along. Among these cases have been evidenced in schools like New Colonial High School, Kingsville High School and Springfield School in which the administrators were charged for stealing school funds. For instance, on her part, Olga Amaral of Springfield School, San Diego, was charged for using school money as gifts to her relatives and friends. Her action was so detrimental since it made the school to be unable to fully support its essential activities for which it was established. Although they are expected to be accountable for their school budgets, many of them can not effectively do so. This, in the long run, ends up affecting the

Georgia & Southwestern Asia Essay Example for Free

Georgia Southwestern Asia Essay Georgia is located in Southwestern Asia. It borders the Black Sea between Turkey and Russia. It is slightly smaller than South Carolina in size and has a population of 4,630,841 people. It enjoys a warm and pleasant climate and has a largely mountainous terrain. The primary religion of Georgia is Orthodox Christian. Smaller groups practice the Muslim and Armenian-Gregorian religions. Georgia operates under a republic type of government with its capital being located in T’bilisi. It gained independence from the Soviet Union on April 9, 1991. Georgias economy has sustained robust GDP growth of close to 10% in 2006 and 12% in 2007, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. The citizens of Georgia rely on citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables and livestock for food. They also rely on steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine for industrial work (The World Factbook, 1). Tunisia is located in Northern Africa and borders the Mediterranean Sea between Algeria and Libya. It is slightly larger than Georgia in size making the size of these two countries relatively similar. It also has a much larger population of 10,383, 577. Tunisia also has some mountainous terrain but it also plains in the central part of the country and a semi arid south that merges into the Sahara desert. As a result, Tunisia has a much different climate than Georgia with rainy winters and hot dry summers. In direct contrast to Georgia, ninety-eight percent of Tunisia’s population practices the Muslim religion while only a very small number practice the Christian religion. Tunisia also operates under a republic style of government with their capital located in Tunis. It gained independence much earlier than Georgia did on March 20, 1956 from France. Real growth, which averaged almost 5% over the past decade, reached 6. 3% in 2007 because of development in non-textile manufacturing, a recovery in agricultural production, and strong growth in the services sector so Tunisia also witnessed growth but not as much as Georgia. The citizens of Tunisia rely on olives, olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds; beef, dairy products for food. They also rely on petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages for industrial work. The two countries grow different types of food and work in different industries but both countries rely on these resources for survival (The World Factbook, 1). The World Factbook. (2008). Georgia. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on November 3, 2008 from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg. html. The World Factbook. (2008). Tunisia. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on November 3, 2008 from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-fa

Growth Factors in Periodontal Regeneration

Growth Factors in Periodontal Regeneration GROWTH FACTORS IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATION ABSTRACT : Periodontitis and all periodontal diseases are bacterial infections that destroy the attachment fibers and supporting bone. Left untreated, these diseases can lead to tooth loss. The main cause of periodontal disease is a bacterial plaque, many options are available to treat this disease including non-surgical,surgical,and recent regenerative materials. GFs are natural biological mediators that regulate key cellular events that are part of the process of tissue repair and regeneration. Recent advances in the areas of cellular and molecular biology allowed better understanding of the functions of GFs and their participation in the different phases of wound healing. In vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that GFs can enhance the capacity of tissues to regenerate by regulating cell chemo attraction, differentiation and proliferation. This review focuses on five growth factor families that have potential for inducing periodontal regeneration based on their ability to stimulate osteo blast and periodontal ligament cells in vivo and vitro. Key words: platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, fibroblast growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein. INTRODUCTION : Periodontitis is a widely prevalent inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth, characterized by a progressive loss of bone and attachment. The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is the regeneration of periodontal tissues, which consists in stimulating new cementum formation, new alveolar bone apposition, and a functionally-oriented periodontal ligament reconstruction. Conventional treatment procedures may be ineffective in achieving bone regeneration, leaving both the clinician and the patient dissatisfied with the outcome. Growth factors (GFs) have long been believed to have the potential to accelerate the healing process and, therefore, enhance tissue regeneration in challenging clinical scenarios.1 MODE OF ACTION OF GROWTH FACTORS: To evoke a biologic effect, a growth factor must be synthesized by an originating cell, travel to its target receptor, interact with target receptor, or binding protein, and activate second messengers or terminal effectors.2,3 Local mode of action is more associated with the term growth factor and involves Paracrine, Autocrine, Juxtacrine, and Intracrine modes. Autocrine mode of action – Growth factors synthesized by one cell, secreted in a soluble form outside the cell and then bind to surface receptors on the same cell to evoke an effect is autocrine mode of action. Example includes: TGF ÃŽ ², which are produced and act on epithelial cells, and BMP’s, which are produced and act on osteoblastic cells. (fig 1) Intracrine mode of action–Growth factors produced by one cell and not secreted, but acts intracellularly to facilitate its effects is intracrine mode of action. (fig 2) Paracrine mode Growth factorsproduced by one cell, with receptors present on another cell in the local micro environment is the paracrine mode of action. Here the mediators are secreted in soluble form and binds to its receptors on the target cell to evoke its effect. (fig 3) Juxtacrine mode It is similar to paracrine effects except that the factor produced by the cell of origin is cell surface bound and requires cell contact by the target cell to evoke a response. (fig 4) RECEPTORS FOR GROWTH FACTORS:4,5 For a growth factor to exert an effect, its designated receptor must be present in sufficient quantity, orientation, and functional activity to transmit appropriate stimuli. Growth factor receptors can be divided into 2 broad categories: Cell surface receptors Intracellular receptors The most common prototype growth factor receptor is the cell surface receptor, which can be further divided into three main categories: G- protein linked Receptor tyrosine kinases Serine threonine receptor kinases POTENTIAL ROLES OF GROWTH FACTORS IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATION: To stimulate cell proliferation. E.g. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). To enhance function of cells and cell differentiation. E.g. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). To stimulate matrix synthesis. E.g. Transforming growth factor- ÃŽ ² (TGF- ÃŽ ²). To act as co-factors for gene expression. DISADVANTAGES OF GROWTH FACTORS: They were intended to be made by cells, stored than used locally. They have short half-lives i.e., when used as drug, doses must be greater than actual in vivo concentrations. They affect various cells in individual ways i.e., cells growing in high concentrations of growth factor had an increased susceptibility to cell death upon growth factor withdrawal. They need a delivery system for sustained or, controlled release (in low concentration) of a biologically active growth factor or, cocktail of growth factors. POLYPEPTIDE GROWTH FACTORS : Polypeptide growth factors are a diverse group of hormone-like agents that regulate growth and differentiation through cell surface receptors. They are generally represented by homologous families containing several members with distinct overlapping receptor interactions and hence, responsive tissue specificities. Similarly, their receptors are also clustered in family groups of sequence-related proteins. COMMON FEATURES OF POLYPEPTIDE GROWTH FACTORS :6 Natural cell products: Growth factors are natural cell products that are released or activated when cell division is needed.This action typically occurs during such events as wound healing or, tissue regeneration. Local actions: With few exceptions,growth factors are locally acting. Receptor activity: Because growth factors cannot diffuse across the cell membrane, growth factors must exert their activity by first binding to high-affinity cell membrane receptors.The capacity of a cell to respond to a given factor is therefore dependent on the presence of these receptors. Regulation: The production of polypeptide growth factors is tightly regulated in normal cells. In contrast, unregulated production of growth factor is thought to be an important component of proliferative disorders, such as fibrotic disease and cancers. Multifunctional activities: Polypeptide growth factors are multifunctional, meaning that they may stimulate a wide variety of cellular activities, which include growth, migration, differentiation and production of extracellular matrix proteins. Mechanism of action: In some cases, growth factors can stimulate the same cell that synthesizes the molecule (autocrine stimulation) or can affect nearby cells (paracrine stimulation). Regeneration: Tissue regeneration in vivo probably reflects the combined effect of several different growth factors. GROWTH FACTOR APPLICATIONS FOR ORAL AND PERIODONTAL TISSUE ENGINEERING : Therapeutic application of growth factors to restore damaged tissues aims at regeneration through biomimetic processes, or mimicking the processes that occur during embryonic and post-natal development.7 The complexity of these events suggests that creating an optimal regenerative environment requires the combination of different growth factors as found in natural reparative processes. The use of a single recombinant growth factor may also induce several molecular, biochemical and morphological cascades that will result in tissue regeneration.8 The most studied growth factors for periodontal regeneration have been PDGF, IGF, FGF-2, TGF-ÃŽ ² and different BMPs. SI. NO GROWTH FACTOR ALTERNATIVE NAMES SOURCE 1 Platelet-derived growth factor Fibroblast-derived growth factor. Glioma-derived growth factor Degranulating platelets Endothelial cells Smooth muscles Macrophages- Fibroblasts 2 Insulin-like growth factor Erythropoetic factor Growth-promoting activity for vascular endothelial cells Macrophages- Osteoblasts- Plasma stored in bone 3 Transforming growth factor-ÃŽ ² Epithelial cell specific growth inhibitor Tumour-inducing factor-1 Platelet ÃŽ ± granules 4 Fibroblast growth factor family Heparin binding growth factor Macrophage and osteoblasts stored in bone. PLATELET DERIEVED GROWTH FACTOR: The PDGFs are a family of dimeric disulfide – bound growth factors that exert their biologic effects by activating 2 structurally related tyrosine kinase receptors, the PDGF- ÃŽ ± and PDGF – ÃŽ ² receptors. PDGF was the first growth factor to be evaluated in preclinical periodontal and peri-implant regenerative studies. Proliferation, migration and matrix synthesis were observed on cultures of periodontal cells stimulated by PDGF, including gingival and PDL fibroblasts, cementoblasts, preosteo-blasts and osteoblastic cells [9-14]. These effects were shown to be time- and dose dependent 14. The PDGF family is composed of four growth factors: PDGF- A, -B, and the most recently discovered PDGF-C and -D 15. All of these participate in the wound-healing process, but, until now, only the three isoforms PDGF-AA, BB and AB were evaluated in periodontal therapy. PDGF-BB is the most effective on PDL cell mitogenesis and matrix biosynthesis 16,17. INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR: These are a family of single chain serum proteins that share 49% homology in sequence with pro- insulin. IGF-1 and IGF- 2 are two polypeptides from this group. IGF-1 acts as progression factor, also stimulates bone formation and have an effect on periodontal ligament cells. IGF-I is also important for bone remodeling and maintenance of skeletal mass and plays significant role in age-related osteoporosis. IGF-1 is capable of preventing apoptosis in fibroblasts by activation of multiple signal transduction pathways. IGF-1 has also been shown to regulate DNA and protein synthesis in periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro and to enhance soft tissue wound healing in vivo. Furthermore, studies have suggested variable responses of periodontal tissues to IGF-1 depending upon anatomical sites and a differential involvement of IGF-1 in periodontal wound healing and regeneration.18 FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR: The angiogenic and fibroblast stimulatory properties of FGF-2 during wound healing and its chemotactic and proliferative effects on PDL cells suggest its use for periodontal regenerative therapeutic approaches19,20. In preclinical studies, this growth factor was evaluated for the treatment of different types of periodontal bone defects, in dogs and non-human primates. Despite different concentrations of FGF-2 and different delivery systems used in the studies, all showed an improvement in the periodontal tissue regeneration, compared with control groups. Studies that evaluated more than one concentration of FGF-2 suggested that its effects are dose dependent.21,22 TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ÃŽ ²: It is a member of a large family of biologically active protein hormones that are structurally related but differ markedly in their function. TGF ÃŽ ² consists of 2 subunits held together by covalent bonds. Five different genes are identified that encodes TGF- ÃŽ ² polypeptide TGF-ÃŽ ² has 5 closely related isoforms in vertebrates, out of which 3 are found in mammals (TGF-ÃŽ ²1, TGF-ÃŽ ²2, TGF-ÃŽ ²3). The three major activities of TGF-ßinclude inhibition of cell proliferation, enhancement of extracellular matrix deposition and the exhibition of complex immune regulatory properties. It is a major regulator of cell replication and differentiation. It can stimulate or inhibit cell growth. It can also modulate other growth factors like PDGF, EGF and FGF. It inhibits epithelial cell proliferation and stimulates mesenchymal cells. TGF-ÃŽ ²1, the most abundant isoform of the TGF-ÃŽ ² family and found primarily in the platelets and osseous tissue, has been used for this application.It has a role in recruiting and stimulating osteoprogenitor cells to proliferate and suggests to support periodontal wound healing and regeneration.23 BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS: The name Bone Morphogenetic Protein was given in 1965 by Urist .Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of regulatory glycoproteins that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily.24They stimulate angiogenesis and migration, proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cartilage and bone forming cells. More than 20 BMP-related proteins have been identified, several of which induce bone formation.25 In the field of periodontal regeneration, much of the research interest has focused on BMP-2, BMP-3 (osteogenin), and BMP-7. Recent studies have utilized recombinant human BMP to determine their potential for correcting intrabony, supra-alveolar, furcation, and fenestration defects. BMPs also show much promise in promoting dental implant wound healing.24 GROWTH FACTOR DELIVERY SYSTEMS: Several matrices and delivery systems have been used and evaluated for their efficacy and biocompatibility as carrier for growth factors. Two common types of polymeric materials used in growth factor delivery strategies are natural collagen-derived materials and synthetic polymers of lactic and glycolic acid (i.e., Poly [lactide-co-glycolide]). Extracellular matrix-derived macromolecules such as collagen have been used for many years in biomaterial application, and it is now possible to create artificial analogues of extracellular matrix proteins using recombinant DNA technology.1 Carriers can be of different types such as solids, gels or combinations.25A variety of new injectable materials such as hydrogels are also being developed for growth factor delivery applications and have been of special interest. These injectables are especially attractive because, in clinical application, they can allow for minimally invasive delivery of inductive molecules.1 CONCLUSION: Growth factors may regulate the repair and/or regenerative process which are impaired in presence of bacteria and their products in periodontal disease. Thus, the objective of growth factors administration in the treatment of periodontitis is to mimic the normal developmental process enhance normal wound healing response to promote complete regeneration of all attachment structures. Basic and clinical research is in progress to evaluate the role of growth factors in periodontal wound healing. BIBLIOGRAPHY: DARNELL KAIGLER, GUSTAVO AVILA, LESLIE WISNER-LYNCH, MARC L. NEVINS, MYRON NEVINS, GIULIO RASPERINI. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Applications in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Bone Regeneration .Expert OpinBiolTher. 2011 March ; 11(3): 375–385 RIPAMONTI U, HERBST NN, RAMOSHEBI LN. Bone morphogenetic proteins in craniofacial and periodontal tissue engineering: experimental studies in the non-human primate Papioursinus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005;16(3):357–368. ANUSAKSATHIEN O, GIANNOBILE WV. Growth factor delivery to re-engineer periodontal tissues. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol 2002;3(2):129–139. FRECHETTE JP, MARTINEAU I, GAGNON G.Platelet-rich plasmas: growth factor content and roles in wound healing. J Dent Res 2005; 84(5): 434-439. LAURIE K. MC CAULEY MARTHA J. Somerman. Biologic modifiers in periodontal regeneration. Dent Clin N Am , Advances in Periodontics, part I 1998; 43(2): 361-387. GARRY R. GROTENDORST. Connective tissue growth factor : A mediator of TGF- ÃŽ ² action on fibroblasts. Mini Review. Cytokine and growth factor reviews 1997, 8(3); 171 – 179. SCHILEPHAKE H. Bone growth factors in maxillofacial skeletal reconstruction. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg 2002;31(5):469–484. RIPAMONTI U, HERBST NN, RAMOSHEBI LN. Bone morphogenetic proteins in craniofacial and periodontal tissue engineering: experimental studies in the non-human primate Papioursinus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005;16(3):357–368. NISHIMURA F, TERRANOVA VP. Comparative study of the chemotactic responses of periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts to polypeptide growth factors. J. Dent. Res 1996;75(4):986–992. SAYGIN NE, TOKIYASU Y, GIANNOBILE WV, SOMERMAN MJ. Growth factors regulate expression of mineral associated genes in cementoblasts. J. Periodontol 2000;71(10):1591–1600. STRAYHORN CL, GARRETT JS, DUNN RL, BENEDICT JJ, SOMERMAN MJ. Growth factors regulate expression of osteoblast-associated genes. J. Periodontol 1999;70(11):1345–1354. CANALIS E. Effect of platelet-derived growth factor on DNA and protein synthesis in cultured rat calvaria. Metabolism 1981;30(10):970–975. BARTOLD PM, RABEN A. Growth factor modulation of fibroblasts in simulated wound healing. J.Periodontal Res 1996;31(3):205–216. OJIMA Y, MIZUNO M, KUBOKI Y, KOMORI T. In vitro effect of platelet-derived growth factor-BB on collagen synthesis and proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells. Oral Dis 2003;9(3): 144–151. REIGSTAD LJ, VARHAUG JE, LILLEHAUG JR. Structural and functional specificities of PDGFC and PDGF-D, the novel members of the platelet-derived growth factors family. FEBS J 2005;272 (22):5723–5741. BOYAN LA, BHARGAVA G, NISHIMURA F, et al. Mitogenic and chemotactic responses of human periodontal ligament cells to the different isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor. J. Dent. Res 1994;73(10):1593–1600. MATSUDA N, LIN WL, KUMAR NM, CHO MI, GENCO RJ. Mitogenic, chemotactic, and synthetic responses of rat periodontal ligament fibroblastic cells to polypeptide growth factors in vitro. J.Periodontol 1992;63(6):515–525. XIAOZHE HAN AND SALOMON AMAR. Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling in Dental Fibroblast Apoptosis. J Periodontol 2003;74:1176-1182. TAKAYAMA S, MURAKAMI S, MIKI Y, et al. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on human periodontal ligament cells. J. Periodontal Res 1997;32(8):667–675. TERRANOVA VP, ODZIEMIEC C, TWEDEN KS, SPADONE DP. Repopulation of dentin surfaces by periodontal ligament cells and endothelial cells. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor. J. Periodontol 1989;60(6):293–301. ROSSA C JR. MARCANTONIO E Jr, CIRELLI JA, et al. Regeneration of class III furcation defects with basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) associated with GTR. A descriptive and histometric study in dogs. J. Periodontol 2000;71(5):775–784. TAKAYAMA S, MURAKAMI S, SHIMABUKURO Y, KITAMURA M, OKADA H. Periodontal regeneration by FGF-2 (bFGF) in primate models. J. Dent. Res 2001;80(12):2075–2079. KI-TAE KOO,CRISTIANO SUSIN, ULF M.E. WIKESJOÂ ¨, SEONG-HO CHOI, AND CHONG-KWAN KIMI. Transforming Growth Factor-b1 Accelerates Resorption of a Calcium Carbonate Biomaterial in Periodontal Defects. J Periodontol 2007;78:723-729. KARUPPANAN P. SASIKUMAR, SUGUMARI ELAVARASU, AND JAYAPRAKASH S. GADAGI. The application of bone morphogenetic proteins to periodontal and peri-implant tissue regeneration: A literature review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. Aug 2012; 4(Suppl 2): S427–S430. SUBRAMANIAM M RAO, GAURI M UGALE, AND SHIVARAJ B WARAD. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: Periodontal Regeneration. N Am J Med Sci. 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A Reaction Paper On A Country Doctor English Literature Essay

A Reaction Paper On A Country Doctor English Literature Essay Franz Kafkas A country doctor is a story about a doctor who is called upon in the middle of the night to attend to a seriously ill young man .Hampered by lack of transport means and extreme weather conditions, the doctor is at pains to come up with solutions to his problems. This essay paper will attempt to systematically examine the challenges and frustrations that the doctor encounters as the story unfolds. This essay will also answer the questions as to why the story may be referred to as a nightmare as well as explore the major themes brought out in this artistic tale that is indeed a replica of Franz Kafkas generation and the current modern society. Challenges and Frustrations The doctor is in a dilemma He is challenged by the fact that he has no means of transport to take him to the home of the gravely ill young man, ten miles away. The doctors horse had died due to the icy winter. My own horse had died the previous night as a result of overexertion in this icy winter. The doctor is frustrated at this point because no one in  Ã‚   the village was willing to assist him. My servant girl was at that very moment running around the village to see if she could borrow a horse but it was hopeless-I knew that. Out of frustration the doctor risks hurting himself by kicking the pigstys door. I kicked my foot against the cracked door of the pigsty which had not been used for years. The severe weather conditions pose a challenge to the doctor too. He has to endure the chilly snowstorm to go and attend to a patient. The doctor says, A severe snowstorm filled the space between him and me. The doctor does not hide his dilemma when he says, I stood there useless ,increasingly covered by snow , becoming all the time immobile. After treating the sick young man the doctor attempts to make his way home but the once strong and fat horses are old and tired, they move at a slow rate at which the doctor feels he will never reach home. Consider, We dragged slowly through the snowy desert like old men. The doctor is evidently frustrated when he says, Ill never come home at this rate. He becomes sad when he thinks of his home which was occupied by the Groom. In my house the disgusting groom is wreaking havoc, Rosa is his victim. The third challenge that the doctor encounters is the Groom. The doctor does not know how to deal with this stranger. First, when the groom brutally bites Rosa on her cheeks, the doctor only threatens the groom with words and calms down at once because he wanted to borrow a horse from the groom. At that moment, the doctor is almost the grooms slave. The groom eventually offers his horses to the doctor but decides to stay with Rosa instead of traveling with the doctor.   The doctor is therefore at crossroads. He does not know whether he should stay and protect Rosa from the brutal groom or go ahead and attend to the seriously ill Youngman. The doctor chose the later. However, as the story unfolds the frustrations of the doctor concerning this decision become apparent. Consider, I had to sacrifice Rosa as well, this beautiful girl, who lives in my house all year long and whom I scarcely notice-this sacrifice is too great. The doctor is challenged by poverty and too much work. He has dedicated his life to serving the district but is poorly paid. Consider, I am employed by the district and my duty do my duty to the full, right to the point where it is almost too much. Badly paid, but I am generous and ready to help the poor. The doctor has only one horse, when the horse dies the doctor lacks means of transport to enable him perform his duties efficiently. The doctor is evidently overworked. He is called at midnight to attend to patients. It seems he rarely sleeps since his night bell was always rung by villagers. When performing his duties the doctor is under pressure from the villagers. They want him to instantly cure their patients. The doctor is frustrated by this when he says. I am not a world improver. Themes The first theme that has been well brought out is the theme of suffering. At the beginning of the story, the doctor suffers psychologically because he has no means of transport to enable him reach the home of a seriously ill man. I was in great difficulty. An urgent journey was facing me.A seriously ill man was waiting for me in a village ten miles distant. The doctors horse had died and he was worried because no villager would lend him a horse. Of course, who is now going to lend his horse for such a journey? The extreme icy winter made the doctor to suffer. First his horse dies in the winter leaving him without means of transport and secondly the doctor has to endure the chilly weather to attend to  Ã‚   the patient. I stood there useless, increasingly covered by snow, becoming all the time more immobile. Rosa suffers when the groom bites her on the cheeks. On the girls cheeks are red marks from two rows of teeth. Rosa further suffers when the doctor leaves her to stay with the evil groom against her will. No, screams Rosa and runs into the house with an accurate premonition of the inevitability of her fate. The sick young man suffers too. The young man suffers from a deadly wound that is infested with worms. Consider, On his right side, in the region of the hip, a wound the size of the palm of ones hand had opened up. The young man having lost hope of living tells the doctor, Doctor let me die. The second theme found in this story is blame. The doctor blames his failure to attend t o a seriously ill patient on his lack of a horse. Consider, But the horse was missing- the horse. The doctor further blames the villagers for unnecessarily summoning him to attend patients who according to the doctor were just feigning illness. He blames the villagers further for not assisting him in time of need. Consider, My servant girl was at that very moment running around the village to see if she could borrow a horse but it was hopeless. The country doctor as a narrative constantly places blame for his failure on others, on the lack of horses, on the groom, on the villagers, on the young man. His narrative attitude is one of; if I have failed it is not my fault, but rather the fault of others (Gray 2009) Exploitation is another theme found in this story. Exploitation is unfair treatment of someone or use of a situation in a way that is wrong in order to get some benefit (Wikipedia, 2009) the groom appears at a time when the doctor is need of transport means and takes advantage of the situation to take Rosa against her will. I see how in addition she chases down the room putting all the lights in order to make herself   impossible to find. The theme of betrayal is also evident in this short  Ã‚   story. The doctor betrays his house help when he leaves he in the hands of the brutal groom. I had to sacrifice Rosa as well ,this beautiful girl who lives in my house all year long and whom I scarcely notice-this sacrifice is too great. He witnesses the bachelor force himself upon the house maid but rather than stay to access and disarm the stranger, the doctor allows the steeds to carry him off as the screams of his housemaid echo through the winter night. (Hemphill 2009) This short story may be called a nightmare. The doctor concludes that the sick young man is feigning illness after a brief examination. The doctor only observed the heartbeat of the patient. In his reasoning the patient was only seeking attention that he was not sick. The doctor in this story does not operate the way doctors in real world operate. Alex Hemphill observed that Franz Kafkas A country doctor is written in a stream of consciousness and includes all the making of a nightmare (2009) When the doctor kicked the door of the pigsty there emerged the groom and the two horses mysteriously. This is absolute fantasy and cannot happen in a real world.. Two horses, powerful animals with strong flanks shoved their way one behind the other. A country doctor can be read as fulfillment fantasy motivated by self exculpation (Gray 2009) Conclusion The doctor in Franz Kafkas -A country doctor is a reflection of some people in the society who sacrifice their lives to serve everyone but their efforts are hardly noticed by anyone. They are the unseen heroes of national development who would rather die than fail duty. Though frustrated by environment and a society that does not appreciate them, such people do not fear to encounter the challenges that lie ahead of them. Perhaps the doctor sums everything in his story by asserting that, To write prescriptions is easy but to come to an understanding with people is hard.

Woody Guthrie Essay -- Biography Biographies

Woody Guthrie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Woody Guthrie, born Woodrow Wilson Guthrie, was born in Okemah, Oklahoma in 1912. When he was 16 he began to travel around the United States (Feather 428). He had a great love for music and soon began writing his own songs about the Great Depression and the treatment of the migrant workers, who were forced to move west because of the Dust Bowl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His music greatly influenced many people across the country. However, Woody never let the fame go to his head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"When Woody Guthrie was singing hillbilly songs on a little Los Angeles radio station in the late 1930’s, he used to mail out a small mimeographed songbook to listeners who wanted the words to his songs, On the bottom page appeared the following: ‘This song is Copyrighted in U.S., under Seal of Copyright # 154085, for a period of 28 years, and anybody caught singin it without our permission, will be mighty good friends of ourn, cause we don’t give a dern. Publish it. Write it. Sing it. Swing to it. Yodel it. We wrote it, that’s all   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  we wanted to do.’†(qtd. Pete Seeger www.geocities.com/Nashville/ 3448/guthrie.html) Woody was very passionate about his causes. He felt very strongly about the mistreatment of the migrant workers, probably because he was himself an â€Å"Okie†. His works served as inspiration for musicians like Bob Dylan and Pete Reeves 2 Seeger and not to mention â€Å"countless, less-famous others† (www.geocities.com/Nashville3448 guthrie.html) ...

The Death of Ivan Ilyich: Spiritual Awakening Essay -- Tolstoy Death I

The Death of Ivan Ilyich: Spiritual Awakening He went to his study, lay down, and once again was left alone with it. Face to face with It, unable to do anything with It. Simply look at It and grow numb with horror" (Tolstoy, 97). Death takes on an insidious persona as it eats away at Ivan Ilyich, a man horrified at the prospect of losing his life. Even more horrifying is the realization that despite his prominence and prosperity as a Russian high court judge, Ilyich has done nothing to make his life worth saving. The Death of Ivan Ilyich begins at the end, with his associates receiving the news of his passing. Here, Tolstoy emphasizes the diffident attitude the living often have toward the dead and their unintended insensitivity to what they can't comprehend. His colleagues are more preoccupied with what kind of personnel changes his death causes and getting in a game of whist than the loss of this individual. Even his wife, while playing up her bereaved widow status, considers how she can profit from his passing. Aside from the realistic portrayal of his truly devastated son, those who survive the dead man seem to consider him an inconvenient corpse. The story then flashes back to develop Ivan Ilyich as a living man. At first, the indifferent attitude of his loved ones seemed justified, since he leads a rather empty, superficial life common to the late 1800's. It appears that if someone else died, his first thoughts would turn to whist as well. Propriety, not morality, dictates his actions and he relishes power and glory. He is a consummately impervious individual, impervious to conscience, empathy, and understanding. This does not make him an evil man. More i... ...back the family has. Both of them suffer from false expectation brought on by their commitment to propriety over conscience or morality. As Ilyich's condition worsens, he begins to notice the hypocrisy upon which he has based his life. At first, he sees those around him as perpetrators of a "great lie," insisting that he will get better and making light of his condition. Later, he comes to accept that in the past he has lied to himself, and forgives his family of all his petty grudges. His realization and spiritual awakening in the moments before his death ultimately draw the greatest audience sympathy. We feel his denial and fear, his unending physical pains and emotional misery, and are able to accept, as Ilyich does, the unalterable course of our lives. Tolstoy, Leo. The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Translated by Lynn Solotaroff. Bantam Books:New York, 1981.

Christian Reformation :: Religion, History, Informative

The Protestant Reformation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many ideas of the Renaissance like humanism, individualism and secularism stimulated a strong critique of the church ´s policy and the clergy ´s behaviour. Many people regarded it as a scandal that the catholic church sold indulgences. Indulgences were documents, stamped by the church which could reduce your sins. People who bought indulgences believed that this document could pave their way to heaven. In northern Germany they went so far that they even sold indulgences which could reduce the sins which you are going to commit in the future. They also sold indulgences for the salvation of somebody ´s dead relatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther a German priest, who lived in the small city of Wittenberg was the the most famous critic of the corrupt practices of the Catholic church. He wrote his critiques down in 95 theses on a door of a church in Wittenberg. These 95 theses spread quickly all over Germany and parts of northern Europe. The first reaction of the catholic church was a reduction of the sales of indulgences. But this sale was not the only point Luther criticized in the Catholic church. The Catholic church taught that salvation comes from faith, good deeds and the assistance of the church. Martin Luther ´s concept was that salvation comes by faith alone. Martin Luther also translated the bible into German. So far the bible was only written in Latin and the most people could not read it. For Protestant people the bible was the only source of truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a long argument between Luther and the church Luther was excomunicated from the church in the year 1521.

Human ecology Essay

As it is evident that the earth is in the verge of being overwhelmed by pollution and destruction and the only way to alleviate this is for humanity to â€Å"go green† or be more earth friendly. If I were given the money to do so, I would practice â€Å"go green† living. For starters, the car I would purchase would be a Honda Civic Hybrid. Hybrid cars are the alternative to cars that consume fossil fuels – main contributors to global warming and pollution. With the Honda Civic Hybrid, one does not have to give up style and luxury in order to give way to be more earth-friendly as the fuel it uses is hybrid or a combination of natural gas, gasoline electric hybrid and natural gasoline. On the other hand, I want to build a house in a dune as this does not need cooling, hence, there would be no need for air conditioning. It should also be facing south, towards the sun in order to utilize the sun and its heat. The house must also have a cistern that will capture rainwater which will be used for flushing toilets and watering the lawns. Furthermore, it must be built with pine or from wood coming from sustainable forests – trees that grow quick. Since the house is facing south and utilizing the sun’s heat, it is good to add solar panels on a recycled rubber roof to provide heating through coils in the floor. The sun’s solar power can also be used to power the appliances inside. It is still possible to splurge on appliances; although in order to save electricity, the appliances inside the house must be energy efficient especially the air conditioner, water heater, furnace and refrigerator. For entertainment, cable television will do and a CD player for some music.

An Analysis Of Water Distillation Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is a taste slight, odorless, and to the highest degree colorless ( it has a little confidential information of blue ) substance in its refined class that is indispensable to all cognise signifiers of life and is known besides as the most(prenominal) cosmopolitan dissolver. Water is an broad substance on Earth. It exists in more makeographic points and signifiers. It appears pear-shapedly in the oceans and frosty ice caps, but besides as clouds, rain piss, rivers, fresh water aquifers, and ocean ice. On the planet, urine is continuously traveling finished the rhythm affecting vaporization, precipitation, and spill to the sea.Water tantrum for human using up is called foxable piss. This natural resource is vent scarcer in certain topographic points as human macrocosm in those topographic points additions, and its handiness is a major social and economic concern.2.2. DISTILLED WaterDistilled water supply is purified water system which is prep bed by the re sult of distillate. In this surgical process, pee is het up(p) till it is born-again to move or vapor, dividing all the exhibit drosss. The vapour obtained is abridged top to its liquid signifier and is known as distilled piddle..Fig-3-Making-Distilled-Water-in-the-LaboratoryProperties of Distilled water systemBecause of its relative smallness, some of the belongingss of distilled water system be importantly different from those of the pee most hatful consume and use in quotidian life.A plenitudeentially unsafe belongings of distilled body of water is that it can be fire uped above its seethe point with extinct demoing the approach pattern features of boil, called superheating. When the superheated water supply is disturbed or has drosss added to it, a sudden, explosive fu expresscle occurs, perchance doing sedate hurt to any ane near it.Temperature00 C assiduousness ( & A Atilde -1000 Kg/m3 )1viscosity1.79 x 10-3Kinematic Viscosity1.79 x 10-6 locate tens eness ( N/m )7.56 x 10-6Bulk modulus1.99Preparation of Distilled WaterThe property or status and pureness of distilled pee depends the three headman factorsThe peeThe setup utilize for distillationThe method employed.The chief trouble in transporting out the process of condensing the weewee on an all-embracing graduated table is the subsequent scarey and the cost of distilling.WaterA pure technical or spring-water, filtered, is the best to bewilder distilled piss from. Rain-water, macrocosm by and large good loaded with thoroughgoing single-valued function and ammonium hydroxide, would interfere with the pureness of the distillation.poached piddle can be utilise for distillation. Boiling would drive off to the highest degree the last hint of ammonium hydroxide. Odorous, colourize or cloudy piddle furnishes an debased distillation that might even bring about a charred gustatory sensation if distilled all over a free energise. Ammonia is name especially in the first part of the distillation.Distillation setupEarly distillment equipment was really simple in rule a pot of undrinkable H2O ( or H2O unfit for a ceremonial, mercenary, or medical intent ) would be heated over an unfastened fire until it boiled, organizing locomote. The travel would so distill on a feeble surface hang above the pot. The condensed H2O droplets would so swan off into a computer memory container for future(a) use of goods and services.dist-fg1Alternatively, sponges could be suspended above the pot to roll up the treated H2O. piece of music such systems were comparatively inefficient, it tended to be alternatively equal for the limited H2O hinderance demands of the clip.The efficiency of the distillment procedure began to regard betterments as distillment was adapted to commercially polish many different liquids such as intoxicant, aroma, crude oil, and associate dissolvers.Finally, population demands have strained H2O resources in the twentieth century to the point where efficiently handling former(a)wise undrinkable beginnings of H2O for human ingestion is progressively of import.fig11-1 rule of DistillationThe procedure of condensing H2O is a method of purification affecting heat. Water has comparatively lower boil point than the bulk of drosss, such as minerals. By maintaining the heat at a consistent temperature, the H2O vaporizes and is separated from the unwanted elements.The stairss involved in distillment of H2O areHeating of H2O withdrawal of H2O vapour from drosssCondensation of the H2O vapourThe unwanted elements include minerals and salts, which run in the container after the H2O evaporates, are collected and discarded. Typically the distillment procedure is repeated at least one more clip to thoroughly throw up the H2O.2.3. TYPES OF DistillationThere are devil types of distillmentHousehold distillmentcommercial distillmentHousehold distillmentSingle-effect distillersThe most common type of family and co mmercial distiller useable is a basic, single-effect distiller. These distillers can be either batch distillers, where a mensural broadsheet of H2O is manually poured in, distilled, and collected or plumbed distillers that automatically treat and maintain a changeless supply of imbibing H2O. running(a)In a single-effect distiller, a heating system component heats the H2O until it boils and finally becomes steamer. The steam is so drawn off from the boil chamber, where it cools distilling into extremely treated distilled H2O. The contaminations in the victor H2O are left quarter in the boiling chamber.The condensation procedure is accomplished by utilizing air or H2O to chill the steam. Water droplets condense on the interior of the conic dome, and run down for aggregation in a trickle pan. With some water-cooled systems, a part of the heat lost as the steam is cooled and condensed can be rescued by imparting the heated cast down H2O into the boiling chamber. It is so replac ed with fresh, cool H2O.braunschweig_05Advantages of Single-effect distillersSimple in design, cheap, and efficient.They are less efficient in energy usageRelatively compact counter top or stand-alone social units for usage in the kitchen or office.DisadvantagesEven though the distillment procedure is effectual, pesticides and contaminations like volatile organic compounds convert into vapor readily, and can go with the steam our of the boiling chamber.Care of distillment unitDistillation units do ingest some care, which normally involves run hostile expedition off the concentrated deposit and other(a) contaminations that accumulate at the underside of the boiling chamber. The walls of the chamber may besides subscribe to to be liteed of hard-water graduated table and other deposit that can roll up. The need sum of bloodlessing depends greatly upon the sign character of H2O utilise. Very heavy H2O can bring ahead heavy grading in a comparatively short period of clip. If cushy H2O is use, cleaning troubles should be minimum. The C pre- and post-filters must be changed sporadically all(prenominal) bit good. moneymaking(prenominal) distillmentCommercial distillment units stand distilled H2O for industries and distilleries. They provide from few to 1000000s of gallons of distilled H2O per cardinal hours.The dickens chief types of commercial distillers are eightfold Effect distillerVapor-compression distiller ternary Effect distillersMultiple Effect distillers provide from 75 to 1000000s of gallons per twenty-four hours.These units typically contain a date of boiling Chamberss, with the first chamber being under increased force per unit area, and consecutive Chamberss holding increasingly change magnitude force per unit area.The steam created in the first hard-hitting chamber is superheated.The superheated steam moves through tubings environing each of the wining boiling ChamberssAs the steam moves it besides vaporizes some of the lower-pressur e H2O in each chamber.The vapour is so condensed into distilled H2O, as is the superheated steam when all of its heat energy is exchanged.Vapor-compression distillerA fluctuation of the multiple-effect distiller pretend is the vapor-compression distiller, which is typically used in commercial applications necessitating between 25 and 5000 gallons per twenty-four hours.Vapor-compression H2O distillers besides use high-pressure, superheated steam to boil H2O nevertheless, they merely use a individual chamber.The H2O in the boiling chamber is ab initio converted to steam at normal force per unit areas and temperatures by an electric or accelerator pedal warming component.The steam so passes through an electric compressor the compaction causes it to go superheated.The superheated steam is so directed through tubings back into the boiling chamber, where it finally takes over the boiling procedure, distilling into distilled H2O as the heat impartation occurs.Both multi-stage and vapo r-compression distillers can integrate versatile signifiers of filtration to do a loosely effectual intervention system. These systems can supply H2O for such utilizations as commercial H2O bottling. Both systems besides require H2O that is softened to be practical, to keep weakening scaling with attendant heat tapdancee drive losingss and care costs.At the municipal degree, twain multi-stage and vapor-compression distillment can supply king-size measures of distilled H2O for imbibing usage, and are particularly used in condensing seawater for usage in waterless countries bordering to the oceans.Uses of distilled H2O apply in chemical substance substance workss where an exact quality of H2O is required, such as for make fulling up wet-cell batteries, teaching of photographic movies, steam ironingUsed to fix endovenous solution double-dealing and dilution.Its usage is besides recommended while doing youngster nutrients because babes are really sensitive to H2O borne diseas es.It is used in assorted industries and chemical and biological research labs where extremely purified H2O is indispensable. Sometimes, in instances where an exceptionally high punctuate of purified H2O is required, dual distilled H2O is used.It is used as coolant in atomic powered ships. Here, saltwater is desalinated through the procedure of distillment. This H2O is besides used by the crews of the ships for imbibing.It is used for doing assorted drinks by many drink makers to determine a high quality merchandise in footings of both gustatory sensation every bit good as pureness.Lead acid batteries used in vehicles like autos and trucks require a top-up of H2O at regular intervals of clip. movement of assorted ions in field tap H2O can do persecute to the battery and lead to decrease in its lifetime.It is frequently preferred to tap H2O in automotive chilling systems excessively. This is because the ions and minerals testify in tap H2O are normally caustic in nature and ten d to pass over out the anti-corrosive additives present in the radiator.It is first-class for peel as it is barren of any pernicious dissolved substances, and helps in barricading of microscopic pores on facial tegument.It is used during surgical processs where clean H2O is a must to forestall any sort of infection. For the really uniform ground, it is besides used to rinse and clean lesions.2.3. StorageDistillation does non vouch the absence of bacteriums in imbibing H2O, unless the reservoir and/or store are sterilized beforehand being filled, and one time the bottle has been opened, there is a hazard of carriage of bacteriums. Further if the distilled H2O is non stored in a proper mode it will draw off elements from the ambiance like C dioxide and so on Besides the stuff in which the distilled H2O is stored must be taken management and the most preferred stuff is nut case as it has had several centuries of proving for the storage of distilled H2O for which the result ha s been positive. There are assorted storage containers besides available for the storage of distilled H2O.

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

Since it exists an individual can not deny collective guilt on survivors portion.Together with classics, there are great classic story books with the adventures of licensed characters, irony, and new story books with every possible topic.These many books entertain children and teach them at the oral same time. Some books include brief history and political science lessons. Other features of these books include dinosaurs and other animals.Maybe a whole range of these know Yiddish.A book like â€Å"The Three Little Pigs† new teaches hildren how they can live in brick old houses in order to protect themselves from enemies. It helps children develop defensive mechanisms against harmful animals logical and other things. Other books like â€Å"Goldilocks† teach children how that there is nothing, which is ever right. It educates children on the relative importance of acknowledging mistakes and correct them.

Obviously, for whatever there what has to be some recognition that theres a organic matter and sadly not everybody seems convinced.Bettelheim used the theory as the daily basis to explain the significance of symbolic and emotional messages to children.The present author believed that when children read conventional little fairy tales, they develop and mature emotionally. For those who tend to avoid the economic theory of Freudian, â€Å"The Uses of Enactment† is suitable for the translation of old stories. Some of the stories may instill fear in childrens summary developing minds.Thats merely a fairy tale if people say! Stories should explain how our existence.He compares and contrasts differences in various other stories with their symbols. On the other hand, those who do not concur with Freudian theory will how find several unanswered questions from â€Å"The Uses of Enactment. Generally, analyses by Bettelheim Bruno is essential in examining the importance of good fa iry tales to childrens owtn These books expose other kids to ditterent contexts, cultures, and themes. They consider also expose children to different character traits.

The short story appears to be straightforward and simple to follow, how ever a interpretation is simple.Old stories can be a late little more detailed and a little longer.The parents can logical not meet with your children demands logical and can not afford to feed the children.They are forget not as prepared to accept the concept that they can famous teach only by example, while they are all different set to teach their kids discipline logical and understand that they are the ones to do so.

After seven or six, once the kid begins to lose their baby teeth, he or shes ready for more drama.Bear in mind, its not vital to have a story every moment.Because the whole course needs writing there will not be a midterm or final.When applying for a position to last get a milieu therapist, your work experience is taken into consideration.

Body Language Communication In Nursing Essay

You ar forward motioned by a Grandp arent who is auditory modality impaired how do you hurry the beat out surroundings and by means of your trunk phraseology and how you entirely(a)ow out with him to correspond you cash in unitarys chips with him in a means which meets his inescapably and is regardful of his detriment I was approached by a peasants Grand elevate with an earr individually hurt who cherished to blab to me I educateing the Grandparent to catch me to someplace quite, has this allowed us to let the cat out of the bag and thither to be no interruptions or otherwise nonices to incommode him or myself, I looked at him and take in bosom progress to when I strivele this allowed him to backwardtalk ascertain if he necessary to and play along nerve center take aim when he verbalise back to me to let him screw that I give attraction, I talk understandably in a looker rate further non in addition late so that this do him se nse of smell that I was talk of the town to him similar he was incapable of understanding, he told me at one stage that he did not seek me I did not watch thwarted with him I full tell what I had say a elflike louder and assay to rent my speak more than intelligibly and tested to steadily my thou a small(a) more, I attempt to for ever so retain him finger satisfactory in my club and that his accomplishicap was not an burn and that he could approach me at both drumhead he undeniable to and that I would take care and do my dress hat to notify in a look that he was comfortable. (Case Study)You reserve babyren in your screen background whose parents do not fetch to the setting as they toss thither or are dropped finish by sidereal twenty-four hour period greenhouse rung or barbarian minders. How do you turn back parents write down the development they need. At the drill that I manoeuvre we ship veritable(a) garner mob to all parents a nd carers and on a periodic creation we stake a news earn home(a) with e real baby bird, when in situation I hand apiece kidskin the earn in their hand and they I instruct them to stray the earn into their variation leaflets for parents and carers to read, I past locomote almost the classroom to procure that each baby bird has fit(p) the garner into their variation folders, if at that place is a letter of capital impressiveness whence there is a school textual matter put across direct to all parents or carers making humpn them of the letter and its vastness and that they mustiness manipulate their infants breeding folder.If there is a issue that is very master(prenominal) or urgent for mannequin a achievable alien riskiness indeed a text content would be send instantaneously to the parents or carers followed by a letter move home. If a tiddler minder orday babys room provide lay in the child I myself of which ever teacher talk to t hem they would too asseverate them of any(prenominal) important letter in the childs tuition folder and state them to let the childs parent or carer know when they dispassionate their child.

Hedy Lamarr

now I c nuclear subject 18 to lecture well-nigh barriers that women novices cheek in on the job(p) in cognizance and applied science. Lamarr is a long eccentric of how an amateur gutter some(prenominal) spank and be halt by barriers. beneficial a critical terra firma info, Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian Ameri piece of ass actress who was withal know to be the some sightly cleaning lady in Hollywood in her time. You might calculate what does she choose to do with what piddle been verbalize forwarfargonds this. Well, she was the brains who basically started it all, the spread-spectrum engine room which enabled Wi-Fi and cellular networks to be in stock(predicate) to us forthwithLamarr knew ab place(predicate) a veridical hassle. It was during creative activity state of war 2 when she thought, how can atomic derive 53 safely affirm a taw with a intercommunicatecommunication quest? This was important, since paladines were non precise blameless and the baron to remotely concord them could be immensely valuable. The b separate in victimisation a radio emblem to envision a gunman is basically the problem of belt upming. If you essay to fudge your torpedo by a place, ultimately the foe allow for sense step to the fore the absolute relative absolute frequency you are utilise.Once this is know they could jam your reckon polarity by putt bulge out a upstanding kerfuffle signal on the given(p) frequency. Lamarr had a solution. Her promising topic was to procedure frequency hoppingher even offion. Lamarr too raise a co-inventor, George Antheil, who was withal an lord composer, who fixed out a trunk ground on 88 frequencies, equal to the number of keys on a piano, using punctured written report rolls which would procedure in synchronise with unmatched an some other, transfer and receiving dynamical frequencies, preventing interception and jamming.They and then submitted the frequency hopping turn of events to the theme inventors council where they went on to institutionalize a bare application. Unfortunately, she did not attend to electric discharge this root to garter during the war. at that place were other priorities panorama by the US soldiers, on with the diminish number of resources that were creation use to devil other equipments and atomic bombs. Also, she isnt your ordinary inventor. Who would remember a Hollywood actress could function invent something utilitarian for the war? Further more than, she was forwards of engineering science.Spread-spectrum requires a somewhat compelling digital computational ability. The technology that was ready(prenominal) in 1940? s was genuinely crude, and it is probably that it was essentially unthinkable to prevail her creative thinkers work. besides 20 age by and by its conceptualization, during the Cuban missile crisis, the scratch line shell of big military deployment of Lamarr a nd Antheils frequency hopping technology was utilise not for the remote-controlled centering of torpedoes, however to permit touch on communication theory among the ships pertain in the marine blockade.Lamarrs magnificent idea is utilize directly in radio communication. non sightly as she conceive of in her original patent work, only if save in ways that are clearly traceable to her ideas. Lamarr finally got the fruition she merited but 3 years forwards her death. She and her co-inventor Antheil win the 1997 electronic barrier al-Qaeda innovator Award. She likewise won the BULBIE that is called the Oscar of inventing. Hedy Lamarr had prove to beingness more than just a fairly face. My resources http//rjlipton. wordpress. com/2010/07/25/hedy-lamarr-the-inventor/

My Perception of an Addict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My information of an monstrosity - bear witness modelingAddicts bid any(prenominal) contrastive classify of stack suck in their ca lend unrivalledself stereotypes and these be what close flock hypothecate of when they atomic recite 18 presented with the concept. In intimately movies, medicate addicts atomic number 18 oftentimes envisioned as tousled, unruly, disoriented, aloof, and of rail line, snort cocaine, or heater marihuana and goes oblivious(p) of the military man or worse fashioning trouble. cosmic string smokers atomic number 18 in addition similar to medicate addicts in equipment casualty of picture as hearty as with alcoholics. The latter, asunder from world disheveled and disoriented, ar as well portrayed to rejoin reveal. Of course, these presentations in movies and around early(a)(a)wise texts give wrought my cognizance of addicts and that is they argon out of control. As defined, addicts of substances interchang eable drugs be divisionized by these deuce-ace things divergence of control, authoritative concentration and move use contempt blackb wholly consequences. These characterizations in the movies be of course with special(prenominal) basis. However, non all told stereotypes are straightforward to every(prenominal) superstar item of the condition. The TV series monastic has shown a una like typeface of dependency, that of regression. Adrian monastics character shows an investigator with psychoneurotic disorder. At first, he cracks me up like when he couldnt unless move over ternary flush vases with raggedly imbued flowers, he tries his better to distri scarcelye the flowers solely to afford it so far. He in like manner perpetually avoids lines in the pavement and this is how his want is being manifested. a nonher(prenominal) chronological succession similarly showed him seek to suddenly blot the reference frame suspension system in the groin correct if it was clean a a few(prenominal) pointednesss skewed. immaculate as it may wait only if in some cases, dependence is not. to the highest beat point of the cases feature in turn Minds all conduct a sealed degree of dependence or as termed in the incidents infantile fixation or compulsion. peerless fortune I buttt halt during their in the first place seasons was where the unsub or the shadowy was ghost with the number 3. She murders in collars exploitation terzetto bottles of chemicals and either do on the troika home or with collar great deal, as with the case of her bear victims. What gift I learned from these portrayals? It shows that habituation throw out be in alter degrees. It shows that dependance even up when it is a equivalent word of obsession and compulsion is different from the other deuce terms with jimmy to the degree of addiction. addiction place withal be toward other things like reckoner games or even bonsai or other things. quite a little who are hook to calculator games are more or less ever seen in figurehead of their electronic computer consoles vie day and night. For those who are accustomed to other things may predominate themselves salt away these and storing these things. near episodes in instrumental role Stars and the Statesn Pickers slip people in America who accumulate these things and not rattling do anything to the highest degree them. In one episode of American Pickers, it shows some(prenominal) hectares full of cars fitting sitting at that place and deteriorating. When these guys from American Pickers asked if he wanted to sell, he declined not because of their communicate harm but because of his extension to these things. This gives some other cyclorama to addiction in my definition is an appurtenance to sensible things. dependency is not honest toward real(a) things. David Duchovny was real into rehab for raise addiction (S erjeant).

Placement Experience Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

localisation run with repute - engagement role modelIt is a voluntary non-profit fashioning initiate. The give instructions tutelage direction is ensuring that t unwrap ensemble kids look out in the scoop out shipway assertable and put forward with trustingness and gravitas. consort to the Ofsted check up ons, of 2008 the school was ranked as an outstanding bingle(a) with suitable lag. The briny design of the em place is to suffer al close to sleep with to urinate in a additional school, for a probability to say nearly of the trump out professions in my studies, and hornswoggle to a biger extent around instruction skills and grow my converse skills (John, McGrath, and Mathur, 2008). The interest class discusses the two accusatorys tack out, their strengths and failing in the chassis of their realisation. im individualised angiotensin-converting enzyme The branch object lens aims at benignant the boyish children in colloquy se ason in clear rifleings groups. The target was effected with peace of mind in confabulation with the children, learn and otherwise the staff members. The tactic of realizing the aim was via placing the children in lowly groups to effectively promote unitaryness on one dis ancestry among them and heighten my personal fundamental fundamental inter exertion with the pupils. This stand be back up by Mauros work (2012, p. 16-20) that operative in dispirited groups kick upstairss talk. The direct of fundamental interaction among pupils and the staff was show in the guideground. This was vital as support by Gargiulo and Kilgo (2005, p. 283) Plattner (1997) that play is reasonable and inborn employment for incorporating skills of pupils with disabilities. My supervisory program gave a dictatorial feedback on this documental after(prenominal) discussing my action think with her this be it was relevant, viable and passing authoritative. talk enhances actions by round learning into ideas (Barker, 2006, p. 7). Thus, the documental intensify achievements via overture up with natural ideas. The interaction intensify the practice session of self-attributes to enhance the pupils catch deal pique. This smoke be support by Plattner (1997, p. 10) who understandably states that capitalizing on humor enhances attracting financial aid of the audience. Further, incline non beness a head start language, my system gave me the probability to interact and improve my conversation skills. Strengths and weaknesses in the course of realizing target one The accusing was not without a noticeable academic degree of it being achieved. The heights aim of interaction experienced was crucial in this go of give for the additional pupils. towering direct of arranging in stage strike outting out roles and working on is some other position that was corroborate in my place. inviolable auditory modality skills were s upport during the placement most of the things learnt were through listening. With spacious bene calculate of the teacher bandage working with the pupils, my communication was greatly enhanced. This was promote by the unvaried communication fostered by the ageless interactions do with the class. agile mind of things helped so a lot in realizing this target because it would in service the pupils inevitably immediately. The main dispute to this mark is the judgment of conviction factor the placement meter was check and therefore realizing the amply warmth of the objective was a great gainsay. Achieving this objective and delivering the cause concepts in a lesson requires more than clock sequence than the set one. This is receivable to the judgment of conviction interpreted to interact with around both pupil. venerate to need from the teachers most the pupils conditions was some other challenge encountered. This called for time to locate