A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty-three

CatelynThe woodwindwind instrument were full of whispers.Moon rickety winked on the tumbling amnionic fluid of the stream below as it wound its rocky way on the floor of the vale. Beneath the trees, warhorses whickered softly and pa espouse at the moist, leafy establish, while manpower do nervous jests in hushed voices. Now and again, she hear the match of spears, the faint metallic slither of chain mail, merely even those goods were muffled.It should non be long now, my lady, Hallis Mollen said. He had asked for the esteem of protecting her in the encounter to come it was his right, as Winterfells captain of guards, and Robb had non refused it to him. She had thirty hands round her, charged to keep her unharmed and see her safely home to Winterfell if the flake went against them. Robb had wanted fifty Catelyn had insisted that ten would be enough, that he would need both stigma for the fight. They made their peace at thirty, neither happy with it.It willinging c ome when it comes, Catelyn told him. When it came, she knew it would mean death. Hals death perhaps . . . or hers, or Robbs. No angiotensin converting enzyme was safe. No life was certain. Catelyn was con live to wait, to listen to the whispers in the woods and the faint music of the brook, to feel the warm wind in her hair.She was no stranger to waiting, after all. Her custody had always made her wait. Watch for me, junior-grade cat, her father would always come a art object her, when he rode wrap up to court or fair or battle. And she would, standing patiently on the battlements of Riverrun as the amnionic fluid of the Red Fork and the Tumblest unmatchable flowed by. He did not always come when he said he would, and days would ofttimes pass as Catelyn stood her vigil, peering fall out between crenels and through arrow loops until she caught a glimpse of victor Hoster on his old brown gelding, trotting along the rivershore toward the landing. Did you watch for me? hed ask wh en he dead set(p) to bug her. Did you, microscopic cat?Brandon Stark had bid her wait as well. I shall not be long, my lady, he had vowed. We will be wed on my return. soon enough when the day came at last-place, it was his chum Eddard who stood beside her in the sept.Ned had lingered just now a fort disgraceful with his new bride before he too had ridden shoot to war with promises on his lips. At least he had left her with more than than words he had disposed her a son. Nine moons had waxed and waned, and Robb had been natural in Riverrun while his father still warred in the south. She had brought him forth in blood and disquiet, not knowing whether Ned would ever see him. Her son. He had been so small . . .And now it was for Robb that she waited . . . for Robb, and for Jaime Lannister, the gilded knight who men said had neer learned to wait at all. The Kingslayer is restless, and quick to anger, her uncle Brynden had told Robb. And he had wagered their lives and their best promise of advantage on the truth of what he said.If Robb was frightened, he gave no signal of it. Catelyn watched her son as he moved among the men, touching peerless on the shoulder, sharing a jest with an other, helping a third to comfortable an anxious horse. His equip clinked softly when he moved. Only his question was bargon. Catelyn watched a breeze stir his auburn hair, so like her own, and wondered when her son had large(p) so big. Fifteen, and near as tall as she was.Let him recrudesce taller, she asked the gods. Let him know sixteen, and twenty, and fifty. Let him grow as tall as his father, and hold his own son in his arms. Please, please, please. As she watched him, this tall newborn man with the new beard and the direwolf prowling at his heels, all she could see was the baby they had laid at her breast at Riverrun, so long ago.The night was warm, nevertheless the thought of Riverrun was enough to hold in her shiver. Where are they? she wondered. Could h er uncle exact been incorrect? So much rested on the truth of what he had told them. Robb had break upn the Blackfish three light speed picked men, and sent them ahead to screen his march. Jaime does not know, Ser Brynden said when he rode endorse. Ill stake my life on that. No sibilation has reached him, my archers bemuse seen to that. Weve seen a few of his outriders, but those that saw us did not live to tell of it. He ought to have sent out more. He does not know.How large is his host? her son asked.Twelve thousand foot, staccato more or less the castle in three separate camps, with the rivers between, her uncle said, with the craggy smiling she remembered so well. There is no other way to besiege Riverrun, stock-still still, that will be their undoing. Two or three thousand horse.The Kingslayer has us three to one, said Galbart Glover.True enough, Ser Brynden said, yet in that location is one function Ser Jaime lacks.Yes? Robb asked.Patience.Their host was greater than it had been when they left the Twins. ennoble Jason Mallister had brought his power out from Seagard to espouse them as they swept somewhat the headwaters of the Blue Fork and galloped south, and others had crept forth as well, hedge knights and small lords and masterless men-at-arms who had fled north when her brother Edmures army was shatter beneath the walls of Riverrun. They had driven their horses as touchy as they dared to reach this dwelling house before Jaime Lannister had word of their coming, and now the hour was at hand.Catelyn watched her son stage setting up. Olyvar Frey held his horse for him, sea captain Walders son, dickens eld older than Robb, and ten years younger and more anxious. He strapped Robbs shield in place and turn over up his helm. When he lowered it over the face she loved so well, a tall young knight sit on his color stallion where her son had been. It was dark among the trees, where the moon did not reach. When Robb turned his head to look at her, she could see still slow inside his visor. I must ride down the line, Mother, he told her. Father says you should let the men see you before a battle.Go, wherefore, she said. Let them see you.It will give them courage, Robb said.And who will give me courage? she wondered, yet she kept her silence and made herself smile for him. Robb turned the big grey stallion and walked him slowly forth from her, canescent Wind shadowing his steps. Behind him his battle guard organize up. When hed forced Catelyn to accept her protectors, she had insisted that he be guarded as well, and the lords bannermen had agreed. some of their sons had clamored for the honor of locomote with the Young Wolf, as they had taken to calling him. Torrhen Karstark and his brother Eddard were among his thirty, and Patrek Mallister, Smalljon Umber, Daryn Hornwood, Theon Greyjoy, no less than five of Walder Freys vast brood, along with older men like Ser Wendel Manderly and Robin Flint. One of his companions was even a woman Dacey Mormont, skirt Maeges eldest daughter and heir to Bear Island, a lanky six-footer who had been attached a morningstar at an age when more or less girls were given dolls. Some of the other lords muttered about that, but Catelyn would not listen to their complaints. This is not about the honor of your houses, she told them. This is about keeping my son alive and whole.And if it comes to that, she wondered, will thirty be enough? Will six thousand be enough?A fizzle called faintly in the distance, a high sharp articulate that matte up like an icy hand on Catelyns neck. Another bird answered a third, a fourth. She knew their call well enough, from her years at Winterfell. atomic number 6 shrikes. Sometimes you saw them in the deep of winter, when the godswood was white and still. They were northern birds.They are coming, Catelyn thought.Theyre coming, my lady, Hal Mollen whispered. He was always a man for stating the obvious. Gods be with us.She nodded as the woods grew still around them. In the quiet she could hear them, far discharge yet moving closer the tread of many horses, the rattle of swords and spears and fit, the jabber of human voices, with here a laugh, and there a curse.Eons seemed to come and go. The sounds grew louder. She heard more laughter, a shouted command, splashing as they crossed and recrossed the little stream. A horse snorted. A man swore. And then at last she saw him . . . whole for an instant, framed between the branches of the trees as she looked down at the valley floor, yet she knew it was him. Even at a distance, Ser Jaime Lannister was unmistakable. The moonlight had silvered his armor and the gold of his hair, and turned his crimson cloak to black. He was not vesture a helm.He was there and he was gone again, his silvery armor obscured by the trees once more. Others came behind him, long columns of them, knights and verbalize swords and freeriders, three accommodate of the Lannister h orse.He is no man for sitting in a tent while his carpenters build siege towers, Ser Brynden had promised. He has ridden out with his knights thrice already, to track down raiders or storm a stubborn holdfast.Nodding, Robb had studied the comprise her uncle had drawn him. Ned had taught him to read maps. Raid him here, he said, pointing. A few hundred men, no more. Tully banners. When he comes after you, we will be waitinghis palpate moved an inch to the lefthere.Here was a hush in the night, moonlight and shadows, a thick carpet of dead leaves underfoot, densely scrubby continues sloping gently down to the streambed, the underbrush thinning as the ground fell outside(predicate). Here was her son on his stallion, glancing back at her one last time and lifting his sword in salute.Here was the call of Maege Mormonts warhorn, a long low blast that rolled down the valley from the east, to tell them that the last of Jaimes riders had entered the trap.And Grey Wind threw back his he ad and howled.The sound seemed to go right through Catelyn Stark, and she found herself shivering. It was a terrible sound, a frighten sound, yet there was music in it too. For a second she felt something like pity for the Lannisters below. So this is what death sounds like, she thought.HAAroooooooooooooooooooooooo came the answer from the far ridge as the Greatjon winded his own horn. To east and west, the trumpets of the Mallisters and Freys blew vengeance. North, where the valley change and bent like a cocked elbow, Lord Karstarks warhorns added their own deep, mournful voices to the dark chorus. Men were shouting and horses rearing in the stream below.The whispering wood let out its breath all at once, as the bowmen Robb had private in the branches of the trees let fly their arrows and the night erupted with the screams of men and horses. all(a) around her, the riders raised their lances, and the dirt and leaves that had buried the cruel bright points fell by to reveal the g leam of sharpened steel. Winterfell she heard Robb shout as the arrows sighed again. He moved forward from her at a trot, leading his men downhill.Catelyn sat on her horse, unmoving, with Hal Mollen and her guard around her, and she waited as she had waited before, for Brandon and Ned and her father. She was high on the ridge, and the trees hid most of what was going on beneath her. A heartbeat, two, four, and suddenly it was as if she and her protectors were only when in the wood. The rest were melted away into the green.Yet when she looked across the valley to the far ridge, she saw the Greatjons riders emerge from the darkness beneath the trees. They were in a long line, an endless line, and as they burst from the wood there was an instant, the smallest part of a heartbeat, when all Catelyn saw was the moonlight on the points of their lances, as if a thousand willowisps were coming down the ridge, wreathed in silver flame.Then she blinked, and they were only men, rushing down t o kill or die.Afterward, she could not claim she had seen the battle. Yet she could hear, and the valley rang with echoes. The crack of a broken lance, the clash of swords, the cries of Lannister and Winterfell and Tully Riverrun and Tully When she realized there was no more to see, she closed her eyes and listened. The battle came alive around her. She heard hoofbeats, iron boots splashing in shallow water, the woody sound of swords on oaken shields and the scrape of steel against steel, the hiss of arrows, the thunder of drums, the frightened screaming of a thousand horses. Men shouted curses and begged for mercy, and got it (or not), and lived (or died). The ridges seemed to play jeopardise tricks with sound. Once she heard Robbs voice, as clear as if hed been standing at her side, calling, To me To me And she heard his direwolf, snarling and growling, heard the snap of those long teeth, the tearing of flesh, shrieks of fear and pain from man and horse alike. Was there only one wolf? It was hard to be certain.Little by little, the sounds dwindled and died, until at last there was only the wolf. As a red dawn broke in the east, Grey Wind began to howl again.Robb came back to her on a different horse, riding a piebald gelding in the place of the grey stallion he had taken down into the valley. The wolfs head on his shield was slashed half to pieces, raw wood showing where deep gouges had been hacked in the oak, but Robb himself seemed unhurt. Yet when he came closer, Catelyn saw that his mailed glove and the sleeve of his surcoat were black with blood. Youre hurt, she said.Robb lifted his hand, opened and closed his fingers. No, he said. This is . . . Torrhens blood, perhaps, or . . . He agitate his head. I do not know.A mob of men followed him up the slope, dirty and dented and grinning, with Theon and the Greatjon at their head. Between them they dragged Ser Jaime Lannister. They threw him down in front line of her horse. The Kingslayer, Hal announced , unnecessarily.Lannister raised his head. Lady Stark, he said from his knees. Blood ran down one cheek from a gash across his scalp, but the pale light of dawn had put the glint of gold back in his hair. I would offer you my sword, but I seem to have mislaid it.It is not your sword I want, ser, she told him. separate me my father and my brother Edmure. Give me my daughters. Give me my lord husband.I have mislaid them as well, I fear.A pity, Catelyn said coldly.Kill him, Robb, Theon Greyjoy urged. Take his head off.No, her son answered, peeling off his bloody glove. Hes more use alive than dead. And my lord father never condoned the murder of prisoners after a battle.A wise man, Jaime Lannister said, and honorable.Take him away and put him in irons, Catelyn said.Do as my lady mother says, Robb commanded, and make certain theres a strong guard around him. Lord Karstark will want his head on a pike.That he will, the Greatjon agreed, gesturing. Lannister was led away to be bandaged an d chained.Why should Lord Karstark want him dead? Catelyn asked.Robb looked away into the woods, with the same brooding look that Ned often got. He . . . he killed them . . . Lord Karstarks sons, Galbart Glover explained.Both of them, said Robb. Torrhen and Eddard. And Daryn Hornwood as well.No one can gap Lannister on his courage, Glover said. When he saw that he was lost, he rallied his retainers and fought his way up the valley, hoping to reach Lord Robb and cut him down. And almost did.He mislaid his sword in Eddard Karstarks neck, after he took Torrhens hand off and split Daryn Hornwoods skull open, Robb said. All the time he was shouting for me. If they hadnt tried to stop himI should then be mourning in place of Lord Karstark, Catelyn said. Your men did what they were sworn to do, Robb. They died protecting their liege lord. Grieve for them. Honor them for their valor. But not now. You have no time for grief. You may have lopped the head off the snake, but three quarters of the body is still coiled around my fathers castle. We have won a battle, not a war.But such a battle said Theon Greyjoy eagerly. My lady, the realm has not seen such a victory since the Field of Fire. I vow, the Lannisters lost ten men for every one of ours that fell. Weve taken close to a hundred knights captive, and a dozen lords bannermen. Lord Westerling, Lord Banefort, Ser Garth Greenfield, Lord Estren, Ser Tytos Brax, Mallor the Dornishman . . . and three Lannisters besides Jaime, Lord Tywins own nephews, two of his sisters sons and one of his dead brothers . . . And Lord Tywin? Catelyn interrupted. Have you perchance taken Lord Tywin, Theon?No, Greyjoy answered, brought up short.Until you do, this war is far from done.Robb raised his head and pushed his hair back out of his eyes. My mother is right. We still have Riverrun.

Horses by Edwin Muir Essay

This poem presents us with a post significative world in which evil triumphs over good and their great rise were seraphim of gold/, Or mute ecstatic monster on the mould. Or what a child might believe to be the Apocalypses Perhaps around childish hour has come again. This is because in the first stanza he is however looking at regular horses entirely as he give outs to look on the through the blackening rain they start to turn evil but by the by the time the last stanza come about they start to fade away and the black field and the still standing tree diagram return.He also constantly uses rhymes through the whole poem, it been such a basic poetry tool it infancies the theory that it might be nil more than a childhood memory. I think its viridity in the civilized West to associate this sort of revelation with childhood, as part of a natural inheritance we lose as we stick up. The last stanza makes me think of Housmans land of lost content, yet Muirs poem is clearly suggest ing something more than what one might call the routine magic of a childs perspective.These horses are not only when magical, theyre elemental, totemic, numinous. If we take these presences to have been part of the common life of domain in Orkney in the late 19th century, then it should be borne in mind that Muir wasnt cut off from this particular source by time alone, but by place and culture. He said that in moving from Orkney to Glasgow he aged about 150 years, and he was not being jocular.

Eng 157 Multicultural Analysis Paper

The Importance of Multicultural writings ENG/157 David McCarthy The Importance of Multicultural Literature The introduction to multicultural literature into the broad world of differing passings of life, the reader whitethorn be surprised by the similarities between the refinements as advantageously as the differences. Cultures are as eclectic as we are as mortals, separately with their own quirks, intricacies, and uniqueness that inspires individuality regarding how the vast differences between cultures corplug in to our own.Upon deeper test of multicultural literature, however we are in any case given the privilege to walk the path of the individual from whose perspective we are privy to finished the scripted word. As m all have wished at atomic number 53 plosive consonant or anformer(a) to know and understand what a finical individual is thinking, by reading multicultural literature, the opportunity to have such an experience and glean copious amounts of in constitu tion. From the subtlest detail to major political agendas to per word of honorality quirks derived from current or past social standards of that culture.Although differences in points of view can prohibit taste upon firstly contact greater exposure to literature from various cultures, ace can find relation at bottom themselves. One can sympathise and humanize the display cases that finally open the door to greater catch of how a culture operates as well as attain the ability to relate those experiences to ones own. To understand multicultural literature, one must first try to understand the cultural background of the author where he or she lives, what sequence, what their secular views are in a position subject as well as their passions and influences.For instance, Ngugi Wa Thiongo, author of the short news report The Return is heavily influenced by his negativity toward British colonialism in Africa. The The love Review (2010-2012) website had a list of the pros and con s of the authors writing stating that he has a Powerful anti-colonial voice, a strong stylist, a significant novelist, playwright, and frequent intellectual. It also went on to say that Angry Marxist governing crawling a bit far into some of his work and older kit and boodle can feel somewhat dated. Kamau, the main character in this particular ork of Thiongos, depicts what the spate ultimately have suffered because of the colonial regime in spite of appearance Africa. The character represents non only what the people of Africa forced to suffer exclusively also hope that the effect of what transpired can be overcome through perseverance despite devastation endured. The author, Ken Saro-Wiwa, also politically motivated which is a characteristic prominent within his short write up Africa Kills Her sunlight. Having sided with the minority Ogoni within his homeland of Nigeria, his protests and resistance against the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha take to his imminent e xecution.Within this particular short fiction, though, he wrote the character Bana as one who sees his acts of criminality no different from that of those in more prestigious standing. This ultimately leads the reader to question how criminal activity, such as robbery is any different from that of the sly, underhanded actions of a politician or any former(a) individual in a position of power. Readers also develop an emotional attachment to a character, such as the main character in Chitra Divakarunis Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter.From the direct perspective of the character, the reader looks through the eyes of an elderly widow from India who struggles to find balance between her inherent traditions and customs from her native homeland to the vastly different culture of America. Mrs. Dutta struggles with her understanding of technology, culinary preferences, distinctively different parenting styles, and proper decorum regarding per watchwordal space. She finds herself disjointed wi thin a struggle between wanting the companionship of her son and grandchildren and her yearning to return to the familiarity of home.Upon closer examination of this composition, the reader can chance upon with the character and the feeling of misplacement in foreign surroundings. This story also illustrates the struggle with diversity within The United States. As Mrs. Duttas son and his family try to maintain engrossment-disregarding their heritage and customs to avoid stereotyping, Mrs. Dutta reminds them of where they originate. The integration of cultures within The United States is predominantly why the United States viewed as the Land of chance. Despite the years of macrocosm classified as The Melting rush, diversity remains a struggle for many immigrants.This story is a prime example of the internal conflict between heritage and assimilation as well as the strength of familial bonds. The history of a culture is of huge importance within multicultural literature. The atta ck on 9/11 within the United States is an event that had both bust the United States as well as assist in the formation of the future history of the United States. Pride and patriotism after that particular event blossomed along with a heavy rift regarding diversity, especially those of the Muslim faith.Remembering such a tragic event honors those who have lived through it as well as lights a mental candle for those who did not. History is as important in other cultures as well. Understanding and appreciating facts as well as religious mythology, such as the Native American mythology set forth within Margaret Lawrences The Loons. The loons within this story represent a fabulous representation of an omen of death in some Native American cultures. The character, Piquette, after staggering through life with two separate identities-Cree and French-ultimately succumbs to this omen.Much like the yellow ribbon represents the soldiers engagement to maintain our freedom battling terrori sts and risking their lives, the loons in this story represent the battle between two different cultural backgrounds fighting against each other in a metaphorical sense. If a culture denies its history, the culture is denied its identity. History weaved within the yarns of multicultural literature shine a light upon the dusty background that assisted in the formation of the culture, and so breaking down the barriers of the misunderstanding of ethics, principles, traditions, and mindset.Much like the dissemination of the history and politics of different cultures, multicultural literature also deepens the understanding of perspective, upbringing, and view on controversial topics such as in Ha Jins The hostler. The Barnes & Noble (1997-2012) website included an editorial review upon the short story stating that The act story is perhaps the most telling indication of the clash of improver feeling and bureaucratic intervention.The protagonist, who has been taught to believe that ho mosexuality originated in Western capitalism and bourgeois lifestyle, is unable to credit his own sympathy for his son-in-law, who is sent to a mental hospital to cure his disease. Ha Jin has a rare empathy for people striving to balance the past and the future although caught on the cusp of change. (Oct. ) secure 2000 Cahners Business Information. (Editorial Reviews). The story, set in China illustrates the ignorance of homosexuality. Considering the different sects within theUnited States and from other various countries and religious backgrounds that do not understand nor accept homosexuality, this story showcases how relative that misunderstanding can be. Although The United States has erred to the side of acceptance on this particular lifestyle, there are certain groups that due to the ignorance and neglect of education refuse to accept it. Aside from the topic of homosexuality within the piece and the misinformation regarding that particular lifestyle, the story also initi ates the question of what marriage in point of fact entails.With homosexuals fighting for the right to marry within the United States being the most controversial topic, the question that arises after reading The Bridegroom, is whether or not unwavering hardcorety without sexual attraction predetermines a straightforward marriage. Beina, the main female character within the piece remains loyal to her homosexual husband despite his or her lack of physical conversancy instead based the relationship upon respect and companionship.Reading multicultural literature not only strengthens the bond between individuals, it also strengthens the bonds of diversity. Diversity allows individuals to learn and hit the roof knowledge. It increases the amount of respect through first person narratives, memoirs, and the ideals within fiction. irrelevant to popular belief, fiction does instill fact in a plenary manner where the reader can walk for a short time in another individuals footsteps, tra ce out the characters heritage, and take a glimpse inside the mind of an individual from a foreign land.A writer puts themselves into their work and the readers having taken the time to hear the stories can see the particular voice of the writer to understand and calculate the author as well as the characters. References The Complete Review. (2010-2012). Retrieved from http//www. complete-review. com/authors/ngugi. htm Barnes & Noble. (1997-2012). Retrieved from http//www. barnesandnoble. com/w/bridegroom-ha-jin/1102808435

Motivation And Hate Groups

I think in that respect should be a very good reason as to what cues mass to Join such organizations. I dont believe in hating something or individual that much to want to destroy it. Personally, in my opinion, spate in scorn groups, such as the ASK, ar racist beings with no life whatso ever so. These raft seem so ignorant they might not even guard a very good reason to have Joined a loathe group. The ASK lost very m all of its members after people started realizing how stupid and ignorant the organization was. I cant think of much that could motivate people these days to be a part of a dislike group.After African Americans gained their freedom, some people were outraged and shocked and with such a big change, I think they were motivated to Join the nauseate group. solely now in 2014, theres nothing that these people, w hatredver ethnicity, race, or religion they atomic number 18, did to the members of the hate group, so theres no reason to propose military force onto Portia 2 them. Everybody Is divers(prenominal), whether theyre different because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or knowledgeable orientation. For example, not everybody Is fond of gays.Not long ago, Arizona general assembly has passed a controversial bill that would give business owners permission to defy service to gay and lesbian costumers. In my opinion, the bill is ridiculous, but It unspoilt goes to show how people who actually take advantage of the bill atomic number 18 dumb-minded. How could people be so Ignorant? I close, what did these people ever do to you? I dont think I will ever hate anything so much as to Join a hate group. Sure, there are some things I dont like, Like people being mean or bullying ACH other, but I dont think Id ever squat to such a low level to Join a hate group, Like the ASK.I would never hurt or put someone In danger because I didnt Like his or her race or religion. In my pollen Its hostile to propose violence to match something you h ate or dislike. good deal hate things so much that sometimes they commit to use violence to try to stop It and get rid of It. They Join groups that promote and bore hatred and violence towards members of a different race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation and any other things that make people differ from each other. One of these hate groups Is the UK Klux Klan, or also known as the ASK.People Join these groups out of racialism and Ignorance, because there Is no rational explanation as to why they do so. Motivation And Hate Groups By weakling Everybody is different, whether theyre different because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. For example, not everybody is fond of gays. Not long bill is ridiculous, but it conscionable goes to show how people who actually take advantage of the bill are dumb-minded. How could people be so ignorant? I mean, what did these group.Sure, there are some things I dont like, like people being mean or bullying each other, but I dont think Id ever curve to such a low level to Join a hate group, like the ASK. I would never hurt or put someone in danger because I didnt like his or her race or religion. In my opinion its hostile to propose violence to stop something you stop it and get rid of it. They Join groups that promote and practice hatred and groups is the UK Klux Klan, or also known as the ASK. People Join these groups out of racism and ignorance, because there is no rational explanation as to why they do so.

Thinking Skills

Eric meet intellection Skills development Your headspring in the Information ripen defeatload unornamented ebooks at bookboon. com 2 thought Skills victimization Your development ability in the Information Age 2012 Eric Garner & Ventus Publishing ApS ISBN 978-87-7681-966-8 transfer all(prenominal)eviate state ebooks at bookboon. com 3 view Skills content Contents antecede 9 1 What be sentiment Skills? 10 1. 1 The Potential of the Brain 10 1. 2 Brain Power 10 1. 3 Exploding the Myths 10 1. 4 Brain give taboos 10 1. 5 Brain non Brawn 11 1. 6 Man climb onment intellection 11 1. 7 Thinking Matters 11 1. 8 see Points 12 2 collateral Thinking 13 2. 1 Un stipulateed Thinking 13 2. 2Distorted Thinking 14 2. 3 Catastrophising 14 2. 4 kind confusion 15 2. 5 Distraction 15 2. 6 Yo-Yo Thinking 15 satisfy pervade the flow The next tonicity for top-performing graduates Masters in Management Designed for high-achieving graduates across alto admither disciplines, Lonfa ther Business takes Masters in Management provides specific and tangible strandations for a successful c atomic turning 18er in stemma. This 12-month, full-time computer programme is a caper qualification with impact. In 2010, our MiM employment rate was 95% within 3 months of graduation* the major(ip)ity of graduates choosing to shoot in consulting or financial services.As headspring as a renowned qualification from a man-class business school, you also gain access to the Schools ne bothrk of oft than than 34,000 global alumni a community that offers support and opportunities finished forbidden your carg geniusr. For more cultivation visit www. london. edu/mm, email emailprotected edu or give us a confab on + 44 (0)20 7000 7573. * Figures taken from London Business Schools Masters in Management 2010 employment report transfer discriminateed ebooks at bookboon. com 4 Thinking Skills Contents 2. 7 The Self-Image 15 2. 8 optimistic Re-Framing 16 2. 9 Expecting the Best 16 2. 10Your Brain Wants victor 16 2. 11 Key Points 16 3 Im fix Your prop 17 3. 1 synaesthesia 17 3. 2 Landmarks 17 3. 3 The Peg scheme 18 3. 4 Rhymes 18 3. 5 Mnemonics 18 3. 6 Remembering Peoples Names 18 3. 7 Repetition 18 3. 8 Key Points 19 4 Blocks to Thinking 20 4. 1 Assumptions 20 4. 2 go all over Things from Other Points Of look off 20 4. 3 Thinking and Doing 20 4. 4 Get disengage Of Lazy Thinking Habits 21 4. 5 Think resembling A small fry 21 4. 6 collar the Detail As hale As the Big Picture 21 Please firedog the advertising T from a gash genius with the Best. Lcapitulumn with the Best. Agilent offers a wide variety of inexpensive, industry-leading lectronic test equipment as well as fuckledge-rich, on-line re reservoirs for professors and students. We flip hundreds of wide web-based t from each oneing instrumental roles, lab experiments, application notes, brochures, DVDs/ CDs, posters, and more. See what Agilent fire do for you. www. agil ent. com/? nd/EDUstudents www. agilent. com/? nd/EDUeducators Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2012 u. s. 1-800-829-4444 raftfulada 1-877-894-4414 Download lighten ebooks at bookboon. com 5 Thinking Skills Contents 21 mea trustworthy to Think 21 4. 9 Key Points 22 5 licit Thinking 23 5. 1 Left-Brain Thinking 23 5. 2 Right Brain Thinking 4 5. 3 managerial Thinking 24 5. 4 luculent Thinking 24 5. 5 ache Goals 25 5. 6 Systematic Planning 25 5. 7 Using Information 25 5. 8 The Limits of Information 26 5. 9 Key Points 27 6 Creative Thinking 28 6. 1 Think akin A Child 28 6. 2 Be More homophile(a) 29 6. 3 Play with Ideas 29 6. 4 Make raw Connections 29 6. 5 Be A superficial Illogical 30 6. 6 Laugh More 30 Youre full of energy and ideas. And thats still what we atomic number 18 flavor for. UBS 2010. e very(prenominal) obligation- pass away(a)s reserved. Think For Yourself 4. 8 Please click the advert 4. 7 expression for a career where your ideas could re whatsoevery even out a di? rence? UBSs ammonia alum Programme and internships are a chance for you to experience for yourself what its deal to be hire of effectives and services of a global team that rewards your input and guesss in succeeding together. Wher ever so you are in your academic career, forge your emerging a develop of ours by visiting www. ubs. com/graduates. www. ubs. com/graduates Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 6 Thinking Skills Contents Think Out cheek Your Limits 30 6. 8 Key Points 31 7 cerebrate 32 7. 1 Brain behaveing 32 7. 2 A Brainstorming Session 33 7. 3 An Example of Brainstorming The H geniusy Pot 34 . 4 Brainwriting 35 7. 5 Key Points 36 8 Decision-Taking 37 8. 1 Time Them 37 8. 2 Align Them 38 8. 3 Balance Them 39 8. 4 Act When You Have To 39 8. 5 Use a Decision-Making Model 8. 6 Instinct 8. 7 Dont depict up Without Acting 8. 8 Keep Your Decision under Review 8. 9 Key Points 9 caper-Solving 9. 1 Please click the advert 6. 7 The Problem with Problems 360 mentation . 360 mentation 39 . 42 42 43 43 44 44 360 idea . Disc every last(predicate) all over the truth at www. deloitte. ca/careers Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliate entities. Discover the truth at www. deloitte. ca/careers Deloitte & Touche LLP and associate entities. Download free ebooks at bookboon. com Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. Discover the truth7at www. deloitte. ca/careers Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. D Thinking Skills Contents The Classical Approach 45 9. 3 Do Nothing 45 9. 4 Take Your Time 45 9. 5 Sleep On It 46 9. 6 Attack the Problem 46 9. 7 Two Heads are Better than One 46 9. 8 Occams Razor and the Five whys 46 9. 9 Key Points 48 10 Innovation 49 10. 1 Create an tenderfangledistic Climate 49 10. 2 Keep Your Eyes Open 49 10. 3 Dreams and Daydreams 50 10. 4Develop Washing-Up Creativity 50 10. 5 Make New Connections 50 10. 6 Necessity is the M different of Innovation 51 10. 7 Test, Test, Test 51 10. 8 Adopt and Adapt 51 10. 9 Take Lessons from Nature 51 10. 10 Key Points 52 11 Web Resources on Thinking Skills 53 Please click the advert 9. 2 Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 8 Thinking Skills Preface Preface Introduction to Thinking Skills Thinking Skills are any(prenominal) of the approximately valuable skills you locoweed learn right a appearance. The agent is simple. While in the past, passel went to change by reversal for their manual skills, today they go to work for their mental skills.We pop off in an Information Age, no longer an Indus effort Age. Thats wherefore drumhead has replaced brawn, and strength in opinion has replaced strength in muscles. No matter what kind of business you work for, nor what kind of stemma you do, today you are expected to apply a range of cerebration skills to the work you carry out. This includes using your judgment collecting, using, and analyzing teaching working with others to mould line of works fashioning closings on be fractional of others contri anding to ideas to innovate and transmit and universe notional virtually how your job female genitalia function bankrupt.This book covers all of these skills. It leave display you that, whatever you envisage slightly your mental abilities or the level of your IQ or your formal education, your thought is the most powerful organ you possess. It is the in like mannerl that, if used skillfully, chiffonier help you perform conk out in your job, better in your team and better in your organization. By developing your view skills to meet the exacts of the modern world, you are guaranteed to succeed. Profile of Author Eric Garner Eric Garner is an experienced management trainer with a knack for legal transfer the high hat out of individuals and teams.Eric pitched ManageTrainLearn in 1995 as a corporate reproduction company in the UK specialising in the 20 skills that bulk shoot for master and personal success today. Since 2002, as vary of KSA Training L td, ManageTrainLearn has been a major player in the e-learning market. Eric has a simple mission to turn ManageTrainLearn into the best company in the world for producing and delivering quality online management products. Profile of ManageTrainLearn ManageTrainLearn is one and only(a) of the top companies on the Internet for management educate products, materials, and resources.Products range from training course plans to online courses, manuals to teambuilder exercises, mobile management apps to one-page skill summaries and a hale bay window more. Whether youre a manager, trainer, or learner, youll go up just now what you strike at ManageTrainLearn to skyrocket your professional and personal success. http//www. managetrainlearn. com Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 9 Thinking Skills What Are Thinking Skills? 1 What Are Thinking Skills? a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) of us spend much time assuredly practising persuasion skills. We conceive that seeing is either a natural function or believe that the great originative thinkers among us are gifted.Nothing could be further from the truth. All research constitutes that each of us has a hugely powerful potential in our oral sexs that lies vastly under-used. Moreover, when faced with a wide range of unsolveable riddles in our lives, the need to use this potential has never been greater. 1. 1 The Potential of the Brain The facts virtually the whiz are unfeignedly stupendous. For mannikin, did you know that the benevolent encephalon takes up a fifth of all the energy generated by your body in its resting state? It is similar to a 20-watt light bulb continuously glowing. How large-scale do you think the psyche is?Well, if you can imagine it, your brain consists of 100 jillion carrels, each one of which connects to 1000 other brain cells do a total of 100,000 billion connections. at that place are more cell connection channelises in the human brain than in that respect are stars in our galaxy. As Norman Cousins put it, Not even the universe with all its countless billions of galaxies represents greater oppugn or complexity than the human brain. 1. 2 Brain Power here are some more amaze facts active your brain. Although the brain weighs just 3lb, it contains 12 cardinal nerve cells (more than two and a half times the people on this planet).It contains 1000 trillion trillion molecules (way beyond our ability to compute), and can operation 30 billion bits of training a s. Your brain has 10 billion neurons and the range of connections all the neurons in the brain could make would add up to one with 28 noughts laterward it. Just stop and write that gobble up to get a get for what that is. Your brain has bountiful atomic energy to build any of the worlds major cities many an(prenominal) times over. Unsurprisingly, no human being has yet existed who has been able to use all the potential of the brain. How just almost you? 1. 3 Exploding the Myths One of the reasons we fail to make the most of our brain and, on that pointfore, our idea skills, is that we hang on to a range of inherited assumptions active our brain and our capacity to think. numerous of us believe that, contrary to the facts, we are either born able or stupid. We think that we are only as intelligent as our measured Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and that this is fixed without our lives. We think that, when we run up against big problems, they just cant be solved. We fret over taking lasts and bemoan our ability to choose wisely. We think that we are stuck with the way we think and that we cannot change it.And to top things off, we think that, as we age, our brain declines and with it, our abilities to immortalize things. The only one of these assumptions that is true is that it is only our thought process that limits the power of our brains. 1. 4 Brain industrial plant A simple look at what we bear of our brains is enough to show us what a wonderful o rgan this is. First, unlike other species (at least(prenominal) to our knowledge), we are the only species that can think in the 3 dimensions of past, present, and proximo. We can use our brains to interpret our world in any way we choose, at one extreme, positively and, at the other, in reasonedatingly.We can use our brains for working out answers to logical problems as well as using it imaginatively to work out answers to Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 10 Thinking Skills What Are Thinking Skills? illogical problems. We can imagine with our brains, invent and innovate. We can learn, change and develop. We can use our brains to interpret, see to it, and be keep an eye on wise. We can use our brains to analyse things and to compound things. And, again, uniquely for species on this planet, we can use our brains to think about our thought. The brain is truly the most complex and versatile tool we buzz off in our bodies. 1. 5 Brain not BrawnGiven the wonderful instrument that our brains are, it is astonishing that, until very recently, opinion was regarded in industrialised countries as a second-class skill. For some(prenominal) centuries, people were employed first for their manual labour, secondly, for their machine-operating skill and lastly, and only if called upon, for their thought ability. Today, all that has changed. We no longer live in an industrialised age precisely an info age. sooner of brawn, the successful companies and economies of today and the future need brains. They are the ones that testament harness, use and reward the combined thinking abilities of everyone in them. . 6 Management Thinking So what kind of thinking skills do we need in the Information Age? Mike Pedler and Tom Boydell are researchers who withstand studied the qualities needed by successful workers. They found that at least half of the report skills are those that relate to how we use our brains. Their harken reads 1. command of basic facts 2. relevant professional understanding 3. continuing sensitiveness to matters 4. analytical, problem-solving, decision-taking and judgment- qualification skills 5. social skills and abilities 6. emotional resilience 7. proactivity an ability to respond purposefully to events 8. reativity 9. mental agility 10. balanced learning habits 11. self-knowledge 1. 7 Thinking Matters All of us are capable of developing our thinking in all these variant skills. yet we are slow to change. Percy Barnevik, former chairman of ABB says, Organisations ensure people only use 5 to 10% of their abilities at work. Outside of work, the equivalent people engage the other 90 to 95%. By contrast, mariner Welch, former CEO of General Electric, says that encouraging ideas was one of his top triple t leads, (the other two were, selecting the right people and allocating capital resources).One of Welchs typical approaches was to ask his managers not only what their ideas were, but who they shared them with, and who adopted them. When the pulverisation of American entrepreneur and founder of IBM, Thomas Watson, burnt down, Watson was surprisingly unfazed. When asked wherefore, he said that the wealth of his business was not based in his offices, fable lines, and buildings but in the intellectual capital of his employees. He said, I can re-build the offices and buildings. scarce I could never replace the combined knowledge, abilities and thinking skills of my people. Download free ebooks at bookboon. om 11 Thinking Skills What Are Thinking Skills? 1. 8 Key Points 1. The human brain is so powerful that few of us come anywhere near to using it as well as we could. 2. Every person has the ability to think intelligently and creatively. 3. The brain is the source of key mental faculties such as stock, imagination, creativity and innovation. 4. The brain is the key tool for mastering the modern education age. 5. Everyone in a modern organisation is a knowledge worker to some extent. 6. Accordi ng to research, half the skills needed by successful workers involve the use of thinking skills.Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 12 Thinking Skills corroborative Thinking 2 Positive Thinking For much of the time our thoughts allow us down. They are confused, disjoint and reactive. They dont have to be. Through training our thoughts to be positive, focussed and assertive, we can at a stroke improve the quality of our thinking. 2. 1 Untrained Thinking When we treat the brain as an unknown amount that we cannot manage, then our untrained thinking is seeming to consist of all or some of the following 1. doubts, fears and catastrophising the phenomenon of letting one bad thought coloration the rest of our thinking 2. antasising imagining the wipe up is likely to emit and like a shoting all our thoughts to planning for it 3. self-deprecating letting mistakes and failures lead us to believe were not rock-steady enough 4. believeing the worst worrisome about something we d id in the past that we cant change 5. confusion having no faint goals or plans 6. reactive thinking thinking in habitual or limiting ways 7. distraction the inability to concentrate and direct our thoughts at will. Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 13 Thinking Skills Positive Thinking 2. 2 Distorted Thinking There are many common types of distorted thinking. Here are four.First, thither is lazy thinking where we think in habitual ways rather than in doubting our thoughts. Second, there is compulsive and obsessive thinking where the said(prenominal) thoughts reverberate in our heads again and again. Third, we continually think in musts, should, and oughts when we use our brains to judge what we do and how we think. Fourth, there is black-and-white thinking, where we omit from believing that things are wholly true one s and wholly bad the next. All of these are negative and limiting types of thinking. 2. 3 Catastrophising In an untrained person, doubts and fears can form a large part of what passes for thinking.Doubts and fears start small but can reach on themselves until they take over. Its what witnesss when having remaining home, the thought occurs that we left the turgidity or electric on very soon all our thinking is swamped by this one fear of catastrophe. Here is an anecdote that shows what can happen in the untrained thinking mind. A woman is driving along the motorway at night. Her thoughts start to race What if I get a puncture on the motorway? Ill have to stop and paseo through the dark to the nearest garage. Then Ill have to ask someone to come out and fix the tyre. Theyre bound to flash the earth at this time of night.Theyre bound to look down their nose at me as well. What a nerve Just then she arrives at the garage, still thinking these thoughts, fills up her tank, and as she goes to pay her bill, blurts out to the astonished cashier and you can keep your bloody jack as well. your chance Please click the advert to change the w orld Here at Ericsson we have a deep rooted belief that the innovations we make on a daily hindquarters can have a profound effect on making the world a better place for people, business and society. Join us. In Germany we are especially looking for graduates as Integration Engineers for Radio Access and IP Networks IMS and IPTV We are looking forward to getting your application To apply and for all current job openings please visit our web page www. ericsson. com/careers Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 14 Thinking Skills Positive Thinking 2. 4 Confusion A good enough exercise to find out what you habitually think about is to take time out to sit and relax and jot down the kind of thoughts you automatically get. A series of such soil consume usually releases a mixture of thoughts we have thoughts about things on our mind, thoughts about pressing needs such as Im hungry(p) and thoughts coming in because of external interference.For many people the content of what usually goes on in their heads is jumbled and confused. heart does not consist mainly or even largely of facts and happenings. It consists mainly of the storm of thoughts that is forever blowing through ones head. (Mark Twain) 2. 5 Distraction The human brain connects to 24,000 ear fibres, 500,000 touch detectors, 200,000 temperature sensors and 4 million pain sensors. It is no wonder that with this capacity to absorb knowledge, we find it hard to concentrate on just one thing at a time. So, sort of of focusing, we let our minds wander.Instead of thinking what we need t say, we say the first thing that comes into our heads. Instead of getting to the point, we let our minds go manner of walking about. 2. 6 Yo-Yo Thinking As well as being distracted, many of us have a tendency to swing from a positive mood to a negative one in what we might call yo-yo thinking one minute up, the next minute down. The story is told of the farthermostmer whose ox died and, in panic, went to the wise ma n of the crossroads and wailed I will be ruined. Isnt this the worst thing that has ever happened to me? The wise man replied Maybe so, peradventure not. A few days later, the farmer caught a stray horse on his knock down and used it to plough the fields in half the time he would have taken with the ox. He returned to the wise man and said Isnt this the best thing that has ever happened to me? Again, the wise man replied Maybe so, maybe not. Three days later, bit still overjoyed with his good fortune, the horse threw the farmers son into a ditch and skint his leg. Moral Things are rarely as good or as bad as we think. 2. 7 The Self-ImageThe self-image is the key player in our thoughts. To understand its importance we need to turn Rene Descartes maxim, I think, therefore I am, back-to-front into I AM WHAT I THINK. Whatever we think we are, we are. Our self-talk creates our self-image. This is because our thoughts are always directed to proving what we want to believe. So, if w e think we are stupid at maths, our thoughts will automatically seek evidence that proves it and ignore evidence to the contrary. Similarly, if we think we are quite clever at maths, we will seek evidence to prove it.So, the key to releasing the potential of our thinking is to build a confident self-image in which our thinking is a partner in describing who we see ourselves to be. Life consists of what a man is thinking about all day. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 15 Thinking Skills Positive Thinking 2. 8 Positive Re-Framing The reason wherefore a positive self-image and positive thinking succeeds isnt only mental. It is also physical. Studies have demonstrated that the neurons in the hippocampus (a part of the brain responsible for day-to-day memory and new learning) can undertake when we are stressed.Dendrites, the connecting wires between brain cells, have been known to permanently lessen in response to negative thinking. On the other hand, love , affection and quick-witted moods can strengthen these dendrites and enhance our ability to solve intellectual and realistic problems. The negative thinkers answer to Can you play the quietly as well as Barenboim? is probably, No, I never could. The positive thinkers answer is Not yet. 2. 9 Expecting the Best Most of us find it easy to devil, but we invariably worry about the worst that might happen to us.By changing our thought direction, we can replace worrying about the worst into worrying about the best. Worrying positively has the selfsame(prenominal) characteristics as negative worrying nagging thought patterns visualising ourselves in the smudge playing and replaying every possible angle hearing what we will say, sense of touch what we will feel, saying to ourselves what we will say. Olympic javelin thrower Steve Backleypractised positive worry when he sprained his ankle four weeks before a major competition. Instead of giving up, he mentally practised his throws f rom his armchair until he had make over a thousand throws.When the competition came, Backley do the throws he had mentally made and won. 2. 10 Your Brain Wants Success For much of the 20th century, it was thought that the brain was a trial and error mechanism we tried something and if it worked, fine. If it didnt work, too bad. End of story. We now know differently. The brain is not a trial and error mechanism but a trial and success mechanism. When stigmatize a clear goal, it in truth seeks out not error but success. Error is not in jog or faulty programming but simply deviation from the correct course. We set our goals.We try, succeed, succeed, succeed, succeed, succeed, make an error, check, adjust, succeed, succeed. Your brain actually wants you to succeed and it lets you know that you can succeed through training your brain to think in constructive, creative, and positive ways. 2. 11 Key Points 1. Untrained thinking is practically confusing, distracted and negative. 2. Train ed thinking is usually focused, confident and positive. 3. The human brain believes what we let it believe rather than what it knows to be true. 4. Worrying negatively is the same process as worrying positively so just change your focus. 5. Yo-yo thinking is alternately thinking things are very good or things are very bad. 6. The key to making the best use of our thoughts is to build a positive and confident self-image. Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 16 Thinking Skills Improve Your fund 3 Improve Your Memory Most of us complain at some time about our poor memories especially when we forget things that are of the essence(p), such as birthdays, anniversaries and meetings. unless it is not memory that lets us down. Our brains remember everything we have ever experienced we know this from near-death experiences, hypnosis and feelings of deja vu.What is at fault is our ability to crawfish. Here are 7 ways we can help our ability to recall facts and experiences of the past. 3. 1 Synaesthesia Synaesthesia is the association of memory with our senses. Dr Frank Staub of Yale University demonstrated that you can considerably improve your memory when you link the things you want to remember with a memorable sight, sound, feeling, taste or smell. In one experiment, he wafted the aroma of sweet chocolate over a pigeonholing of students who were preparing for an exam. On the day of the exam, he released the same aroma while the students were taking the exam.The result was that these students out-performed everyone else. 3. 2 Landmarks The reason why synaesthesia works is because what we want to recall is associated with a hitting landmark. Landmarks dont have to be limited to the quint senses. They can be anything emotional, shocking, funny, unexpected, silly, embarrassing, or outrageous. Thats why people can recall precisely what they were doing at the time of shocking news events, such as the assassination of John Kennedy or the death of Diana, Princess o f Wales. Its also why we never forget our first day at school, a well-favoured romantic holiday, and our first teenage kiss. Graduate Programme for Engineers and Geoscientists I coupled MITAS because I wanted real responsibili Please click the advert Maersk. com/Mitas objective work Internationa al International opportunities ree wor o ree work placements Month 16 was I was a construction supervisor in the North sea advising and helping foremen he solve problems s Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 17 Thinking Skills Improve Your Memory 3. 3 The Peg System The peg system is a great way to remember a sequence of numbers, for example the phone number 302187.All you do is give each number a rhyming peg word and then make up a crazy, silly or exaggerated story about it with the words in the right order. So, lets say 3 = knee, 0 (nought) = wart, 2 = glue, 1 = sun, 8 = introduction, and 7 = heaven. We could then make up the following story First I wrote the phone number on my knee around a wart. I put some glue on it to keep it in place. Suddenly the sun came out, so I went out the gate and found myself in heaven. Try it. Youll find the story is always easier to remember than the numbers. 3. 4 RhymesThe Peg System works because we associate a number with a rhyming word, eg 8 and gate, 2 and glue. The same principle holds true for much more complex pieces of development. So rhymes help us remember that In 14 hundred and eighty two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue (and discovered America) that i before e, except after c (for spelling words like believe and receipt) and that 30 days hath September, April, June and November (for remembering the days of the months). 3. 5 Mnemonics Rhyming words like these are known as mnemonics, after the Greek goddess of memory, Mnemosyne.Another type of mnemonic is associating letters with names in a genuine sequence. So, My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us society Pizzas will blink of an eyely help you remember the sequ ence of the nine planets of the solar system, simply be looking at the first letters of each word. Making the sequence Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. The great thing with mnenonics is that you can make up your own sentences for things you want to remember and you can personalize them to your own situations or make them as silly as you want (remember, silly is memorable). 3. 6 Remembering Peoples NamesThe idea of associating something we want to remember with personal, silly, or funny associations is the key to remembering peoples names. Lets say youre introduced to a MrLazenby. All you need to do is realise him lazing on a summers day on a B road and youll remember his name. Similarly, a MrsPakenham could be imagined packing em in in a fish factory and a Mr Forsyth could be pictured as a gardener with four scythes. The reason why these associations work is that youre using both sides of your brain. Your left brain holds the name. Your righ t brain remembers the silly image. Together they help you recall. 3. Repetition One of the important keys to all these memory tricks is repetition. When we first collect a new piece of information, it goes straight into our short-term memories. This can only take 8 seconds. The affect is, the short-term memory is a holding area for new information and unless we move stuff out, it will cursorily be replaced with newer information. Moving information out means moving it into our long-term memories where it can remain indefinitely. The problem here is, it can take anything up to 6 hours to get something heavily embedded. And thats where repetition, review, and replay come to the rescue.Some scientists regard memory as the Rosetta muffin of the brain the key that unlocks all the secrets of the mind. In an age of information, where most people are knowledge workers of one part or another, having a good memory and being able to make the most of what you know isnt just nice to have it is essential. Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 18 Thinking Skills Improve Your Memory 3. 8 Key Points 1. When we forget something it is not because of a poor memory but because of our inability to recall. 2. There are various ways to increase our power of recall, all making use of our imaginative right brains. . Events that are shocking, emotional and silly stay in the memory longer than things that are mundane and normal. 4. You can remember an event more vividly when you associate it with one or more of your five senses, such as smell or taste 5. Mnemonics are one of the best ways to remember lengthy or complex information by associating numbers with rhyming sounds. 6. To move information from your short-term memory into your long-term memory, you need to repeat it Please click the advert enough times to make it stick. We will turn your CV into an opportunity of a lifetime Do you like cars?Would you like to be a part of a successful brand? We will appreciate and reward both y our enthusiasm and talent. Send us your CV. You will be surprised where it can take you. Send us your CV on www. employerforlife. com Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 19 Thinking Skills Blocks to Thinking 4 Blocks to Thinking Thinking, like communicating, is one of those functions we think we should be good at because we do it all the time, do it without effort and have done it for all of our waking lives. But there is a difference between just doing something like thinking or communicating and doing it well.Just as with communicating effectively, what stops us from thinking effectively for much of the time are the perceptual, emotional, cultural and environmental retards that get in the way. Here are 7 of those close offs. 4. 1 Assumptions When we assume, we often make an ass out of u and me. Assumptions are examples of lazy thinking. We simply dont wait to get all the information we need to come to the right conclusions. There is the story of the customer at the bank who af ter cashing a cheque and turning to leave, returns and says Excuse me, I think you made a mistake. The cashier responds, Im sorry but theres nothing I can do. You should have counted it. Once you walk away we are no longer responsible. Whereupon the customer replies Well, okay. Thanks for the especial(a) $20. consummation When you feel yourself wanting to draw conclusions, just wait until you have all the information. 4. 2 See Things from Other Points Of View A truly open mind is willing to accept that, not only do other people have other just as valid points of view from theirs, but that these other points of view may be more valid.A story is told that the modernist painter Pablo Picasso was once travelling on a train across Spain when he got into conversation with a rich businessman who was uninterested of modern art. As evidence that modern art didnt aright represent reality, he took out a photo of his wife from his billfold and said This is how my wife should look, not in some silly stylized representation. Picasso took the photo, studied it for a few moments and asked This is your wife? The businessman proudly nodded. Shes very small, observed Picasso wryly. Tip Dont have a monopoly on how things are.Things arent always what they seem. Be ready to consider other points of view. 4. 3 Thinking and Doing It is part of Western intellectual tradition that the thinking part of a decision is separate from the writ of execution part of the decision, as if the decision was one thing and the implementation something quite different. Hence the disjunction between those who take decisions, often in positions of authority, and those who carry them out thinkers and doers. In Oriental philosophy, which has a much longer tradition than Western philosophy, the scuttle is not understood.Here there is no gulf between thinking and doing. There is only process. A decision and its implementation are part and split up of the same thing. This means that the decisio n can be changed as the implementation proceeds, just as the method of implementation can be changed if the decision is reviewed in the light of new information. Tip Involve implementers in the decision process. Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 20 Thinking Skills Blocks to Thinking 4. 4 Get Rid Of Lazy Thinking Habits Habit can be a major stumbling block to clear thinking and another example of laziness.Try this experiment. Write down the Scottish surnames Macdonald, Macpherson, and Macdougall and ask someone to pronounce them. right off follow these with the word Machinery and see what happens. Most people are likely to mis-pronounce it. This is because we tend to think in habitual ways and dont like what doesnt fit. Tip Dont think that, just because things happened in a certain way once before, they will happen like that every time. 4. 5 Think like A Child Research shows that the number of synapses, or connections, in the brain is greater in a child of two than in an average adult.The reason for this is that a child of two has no limiting world view, as adults do. Its like a sculptor who starts off with a large block of clay that can break anything. As he gradually removes the clay, the possibilities in his sculpture become less and less until it represents just what hes looking for. If we use our brain like a child, pass judgment everything without judgment, we can actually halt and reverse the brain ageing process and become fully open-minded again. Tip With the right stimulus and a wrath for wonder, you can think like a child again. 4. 6 See the Detail As Well As the Big PictureThere is a song by John Godfrey Saxe called The Blind Men and the Elephant. It tells how six slur men of Indostan go to see an elephant and each try to work out what it is from touching it. One blind man touches the tusk, another the trunk, another the tail, and so on. Of course, not being able to see the whole elephant, they disagree about what the animal is. When we se e the detail and the full picture, it is easier to give everything its right context. Tip Try to keep the big picture in front of you while looking at the details. It will help to put everything in its square-toed place. See the full poem here http//www. oogenesis. com/pineapple/blind_men_elephant. html 4. 7 Think For Yourself Taking time out to think is still frowned on in many organizations that prize activity over creativity. People who work in creativity-constrained organizations are likely to think the way they are suppositional to think, or as others think, or as has always been the way to think. Its like the blinkered thinking that Hans Christian Anderson describes in his story of The Emperors New Clothes. Everyone in the land refuses to see that the emperor is raw(a) and has been duped into believing he is wearing a splendid costume for his coronation.Only a young boy who has been ill and not party to the cultural persuade can see the truth and cries out Look, everyone, the Emperor is wearing no clothes Tip Dont let others tell you how to think. When others ask your opinion, tell it to them straight. 4. 8 Time to Think One of the biggest stumbling-blocks to thinking is that, in many organisations, we still dont recognize that it is sometimes more important than activity. Here is a story that illustrates an anti-thinking attitude. Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 21 Thinking Skills Blocks to ThinkingThe car-maker Henry Ford hired an efficiency knowing to go through his plant. He said Find the unproductive people. read me who they are and Ill fire them The expert made his rounds with his clipboard in hand and finally returned to Henry Fords office with his report. Ive found a problem with one of your managers, he said. Every time I walked past his office, he was sitting with his feet propped on the desk doing nothing. I definitely think you should consider getting rid of him. When Ford asked who the man was, he agitate his head and said I cant fire him. I pay that man to do nothing but think.And thats what hes doing. Each of us has the power to think clearly. Its part of our natural make-up as human beings. The trouble is that, too often, we block our natural thinking ability and so make errors in judgment. By unblocking your thinking, by not judging, not making assumptions, and not blindly accepting the views of others, you can access the full creativity of your thinking. 4. 9 Key Points 1. We often make wrong assumptions about what we see because of prejudice and false expectations. 2. We each see the world differently because of our thoughts every thing is a think. . Thinking like a child is more open and creative because it is not layered with years of learning and habit. 4. Culturally-accepted ways of thinking can sometimes limit us to thinking in familiar ways. 5. Well-directed and well-trained thinking is always more productive than activity. 6. Successful enterprises need original thinking if they are to avo id blindly following the thinking of the Please click the advert majority. BEN JIJ DE CEO OF CFO VAN DE TOEKOMST? Nyenrode Business Universiteit daagt je uit om mee te doen aan de Nyenrode passage Challenge 2013.Wat is jouw visie op de toekomst? Wat maakt jouw bedrijf succesvol in een veranderende samenleving? Doe mee en maak kans op een studiebeurs voor de Executive MBA of de Financial autocratic (Post) Master op Nyenrode. Schrijf je in en kijk voor meer informatie op www. nyenrodecareerchallenge. com of bel 0346-291 291. www. nyenrodecareerchallenge. com Powered by Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 22 Thinking Skills Logical Thinking 5 Logical Thinking Logical thinking is to think on the basis of knowledge, what we know, and certainties, what we can prove.The past two centuries have witnessed an unparalleled reliance on the logical approach to thinking. It is the basis on which modern technology is founded. But the flaw in logical thinking is that it relies on the conscious brain and this is the most limited and vulnerable part of our thinking. 5. 1 Left-Brain Thinking Logical thinking is the part of the brain that relates to its left-hand side (l for left and l for logical). It was Professor Roger Sperry of the University of California who discovered that different sides of the brain were responsible for different functions.He discovered that the left-brain governs the right side of the body governs the right field of vision deals with input sequentially perceives the parts more than the whole perceives time is the backside of verbal skills Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 23 Thinking Skills Logical Thinking is the seat of logical and analytical thinking sets goals, plans and reviews the managerial mind formulates evocative language The left side of the brain is the chattering mind, thriving on, but limited by, information. 5. 2 Right Brain ThinkingJust as he explained the workings of the logical, left-sided brain, so Roger Sperry also discovered that the right-hand(prenominal) side is responsible for romantic types of thinking (r for romantic and right-sided). In contrast to the left, he discovered that the right brain governs the left side of the body governs the left field of vision deals with inputs simultaneously perceives the whole more than the parts perceives space is the seat of visual skills is the seat of intuitive and kinesthetic perception is responsible for imagination and visualisation formulates symbol and metaphor. 5. 3 managerial ThinkingManagerial thinking tends to use the functions of the left brain more than those of the right brain. The sort of workplace issues that use left-brain thinking are analysing and detecting faults in mechanised processes through collecting, checking and testing information investigating problems of the what went wrong? variety learning from how things have been done in the past to improve the way we do them next time and obtaining information that answe rs what? , where? , who? and why? questions. All of these issues rely on information and on information being correct, complete and understood. 5. 4 Logical ThinkingLogical (or left-brain) thinking comes into its own when we are working with verifiable and reasonably certain information. This is information we can be sure about because it has been confirmed scientifically. Using scientific information allows us to develop our knowledge by making logical deductions. It is the kind of thinking used in playing games of chess, (where there are quite definite rules) and solving puzzles for which there is an answer. Logical thinking uses 5 steps 1. a clear goal or resoluteness 2. systematic planning 3. using information 4. reasoning 5. checking conclusions Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 24Thinking Skills Logical Thinking 5. 5 SMART Goals The first step in logical thinking is a clear goal. Working towards clear goals is often draw by the mnemonic SMART. These are goals which ar e Specific, Measurable, Achievable, vivid and Time-bounded. For example, it may be a departments goal to produce 30 gobs of product a day from 28 tons after upgrading its machinery. SMART goals are managerial goals. They lend themselves to plans and the application of a step-by-step thought-and-action process. Clear goals work from a known starting point (that is, now) in a series of steps and sequences until the goal is reached.SMART goals assume that the future will be the same as now, that resources will stay the same and that nothing will interrupt the execution of the plan. If anything changes, then so will the SMART goals. 5. 6 Systematic Planning Systematic planning is the second step in the SMART process towards a goal. We know the what? because we have defined a clear goal systematic planning tells us the how? to get us there. Systematic planning aims to find the correct method, the correct procedure, the correct system that can logically take us to our goal.In SMART go al thinking, planning is systematic because we can try it out in different circumstances, repeatedly and with different kinds of information. It is like a computer programme into which we type our formula and apply our information to come up with THE answer. 5. 7 Using Information The remaining steps in the SMART process involve using our left-sided brains to work towards our goals. Information is key to this process. We need to group it, organize it, rank it, fit it into the bigger picture, and make connections with it.It needs to be as accurate and verifiable as possible or else there can be no basis for further logical thought. Where information is uncertain, difficult to check, subject to change, not easy to understand, then it is of limited use. Please click the advert Budget-Friendly. Knowledge-Rich. The Agilent In? niiVision X-Series and 1000 Series offer affordable oscilloscopes for your labs. Plus resources such as lab guides, experiments, and more, to help enrich your pla n and make your job easier. Scan for free Agilent iPhone Apps or visit qrs. ly/po2Opli See what Agilent can do for you. www. agilent. com/? d/EducationKit Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2012 u. s. 1-800-829-4444 canada 1-877-894-4414 Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 25 Thinking Skills Logical Thinking 5. 8 The Limits of Information Logical thinking relies wholly on how reliable your information is. But, in a fast-changing world, information presents us with a number of problems. 5. 8. 1 there is too much of it We are bombarded today with huge amounts of information, much of it contradictory. It is calculated that one reproduction of the British Sunday Times contains in it more information than a medieval man would have had access to in a lifetime. . 8. 2 it gets distorted easily All knowledge comes to us via someone elses perception and is filtered by our own perception. Even the most unbiased of goggle box news-readers cannot avoid an occasional voice inflexion or raised eyebr ow when they deliver a story. We can never be absolutely sure of the motives and thinking behind the information we receive. Never ask a stylist if you need a haircut. 5. 8. 3 it is incomplete We can never know whether the information we receive is complete or incomplete.In the hours after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in a car accident in 1997 everyone believed that she had been a victim of act photographers. Later it was discovered that her chauffeur had excessive levels of alcohol in his blood. 5. 8. 4 it is quickly out viewd In todays world of instant access to information via world-wide communications, knowledge quickly becomes outdated, obsolete and forgotten. All through history, when a craftsman learned his trade after a boundary of four, five or six years of apprenticeship, he had learned everything he would ever need to know.It would be sufficient for the rest of his working life. Today, this is no longer enough. We need updates every few years to keep abreast (predicate) of what is happening in our chosen field. The giant American corporation, General Electric, has speculated that a newly-recruited engineers knowledge will be out of date within five years of starting in the job. 5. 8. 5 our conscious brains can only hold a limited amount of information Our knowledge-holding brains the conscious thinking parts are only capable of holding a limited amount of data at any one time.Most of us find it hard to keep more than about 7 or 8 facts in our conscious brain at any one time. To test this, deal someone 7 or 8 cards from a pack of playing cards allow them 15 seconds to memorise them in their heads and then ask them to turn the cards over and recall them. Very few people can successfully remember every atomic number 53 card. Now contrast this with the sub-conscious brain which stores every single experience and thought that we have ever had and still has room for a huge amount more. The logical, or scientific, approach to thinking relie s on information about the world around us.From it, we can create the most wonderful inventions and manifestations. But, in a fast-paced world, this information is quickly out-of-date, quickly inaccurate, and quickly useless. If we are to rely on logical thinking to succeed in life, then we need to be masters of left-brain thinking. Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 26 Thinking Skills Logical Thinking 5. 9 Key Points 1. reproducible thinking is thinking that is analytical, sensible and systematic. 2. The left side of the brain is the seat of logical thinking. 3. The right side of the brain is the seat of imaginative thinking. 4.Logical thinking allows us to make incremental progress based on verifiable information. 5. While logical thinking relies on facts and information, information itself can be unreliable and inaccurate. 6. The analytical conscious brain is limited in the amount of information it can hold while the creative subconscious is unlimited. Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 27 Thinking Skills Creative Thinking 6 Creative Thinking In our Western systems of thinking, there is a tough bias towards using the left-brain. We tend to prefer ideas that fit preconceived patterns, systems that have been proved and solutions that are low-risk.But in a time of change, where we need to solve major intractable problems, we need to be more creative and instead of known thinking and known solutions, develop new thinking and new solutions, ie using the right-brain. Here are 7 ways to be more creative. 6. 1 Think like A Child As adults we tend to think in a conditioned way aimed at showing how clever we are. Yet, as children, we are simply spontaneous and far more curious in our thinking. To re-capture your childhood curiosity, allow yourself to just wonder at things, to be completely present in the here and now, and to detach yourself from what you thought was real. wherefore are leaves green? Who is Father Christmas? What makes us yawn? Where do people come from? Why do we have to go to pile? Whats at the end of a rainbow? What happens when we die? Please click the advert What makes us laugh? Download free ebooks at bookboon. com 28 Thinking Skills Creative Thinking Why do people champion? What makes the light go on? Where do animals go when they die? Why do we have to work? 6. 2 Be More Curious The search for new answers to old problems starts with being curious about the problem and looking at it with fresh eyes. Sigmund Freud said that such curiosity came more naturally to children than adults.Other great inventors have also recognised the importance to creative thinking of being curious about the world. This is how Leonardo da Vinci described his endless curiosity I roamed the countryside searching for answers to things I did not understand. Why shells existed on the tops of mountains along with the imprint of coral and plant and seaweed found in the sea. Why the thunder lasts a longer time than that which causes it and why immediately on its creation the lightning becomes visible to the eye while circles of urine form around the spot which has been struck by a storm and why a bird

Bio Enzyme Lab

Enzyme Lab Experiments Problem How can we demonst site how enzymes consort? What happens if we alter the environment of an enzyme? Materials Glucose Test StripsTest TubesPipettesRaw HamburgLettucePotato Raw LiverChalkBeakersDairy milk sugar TabletWaterSugar only Cups Hot PlateKnifeGlovesSkim MilkGlow SticksPeroxide Hypothesis 1. If we reposition the environment via temperature the impertinence father go a representation Its intensity will change 2. If heat content peroxide is added to a certain food liver then It would bubble 3. If a lactaid enzyme to take out the It would sepa gait unconscious process (A) 1. Collect three novelty sticks. 2.Boil pissing in 400 mL beaker add 1st glowstick for 30 minutes. 3. protrude second glowstick in freezer for 30 minutes 4. Leave trinity glow stick at room temperature for 30 minutes 5. line up and record findings. Data Collected (A) steer a glow stick in all(prenominal) environment below. Using a scale 1-3 1 being normal intensity 3 being brigh visitation intensity BeakerObservation Freezer1 boiling Water3 Room Temperature (control)2 Procedure (B) 1. Collect sample of raw liver, potato, raw hamburg, lettuce and chalk. 2. Place each sample in individual establish subway system in rack. 3. Observe samples prior to adding peroxide. 4.Add 1 mL of peroxide to each analyse tube 5. Observe and record findings Data Collected (B) answer after hydrogen peroxide is added. Using a scale of 0-5 0 Being no bubbles 5 being the most bubbles Test tubeObservation ahead adding hydrogen peroxideObservation after adding hydrogen peroxide 1 liverDark brown in color (expired meat)5 2 potatoInner slice with some skin2 3 raw hamburgNormal in color4 4 lettuceFresh green lettuce1 5 chalk Yellow colored chalk0 Procedure (C) Preparation 1. Enzyme Solution Add maven lactase tablet to cc ml of water. posit until the tablet is dissolved. . Skim Milk This ups longing contains lactose. 3. sucrose SolutionAdd 5 grams of sugar to 100 ml of water. Stir until the sugar is dissolved. 4. Denatured enzyme Solution 1. Place 20 ml of enzyme event into a try on tube. 2. Add 200 ml of water to a 400 ml beaker. 3. Place the test tube in the beaker. educate sure it does non spill out. 4. Place the beaker and the test tube on a hot plate. 5. Boil the water for 30 minutes. 6. Let the root word cool to room temperature. Procedure (C-1) 1. Collect 6 mL of check out milk, place 2mL in each test tube (3 test tubes of scan milk). . Collect 4mL of sucrose solution, place 2mL in each test tube (2 test tubes total). 3. Observe and record initial observations. 4. Add 1mL of enzyme solution to a skim milk test tube add 1mL of water to second skim milk test tube, ad 1mL denatured enzyme solution to third skim milk test tube. 5. Add 1mL of enzyme solution to 1st test tube of sucrose solution add 1mL of water to 2nd test tube of sucrose solution. 6. Insert Glucose test strip in wch test tube (5 total). Wait 2 minutes. 7. Obser ve and record whether or not glucose is present and how much.Test tubeInitial ObservationGlucose Test strip Is glucose present 1. 2 ml of skim milk and 1ml of the enzyme solutionBubbles3000 Glucose 2. 2 ml of skim milk and 1 ml of waterNo bubbles 2 layers300 Glucose 3. 2 ml of skim milk and 1 ml of denatured solutionBubbles and layers 0 Glucose 4. 2 ml of sucrose solution and 1 ml of enzyme solutionClear liquidYellow in color zero glucose 5. 2 ml of sucrose solution and 1 ml of waterClear liquid Yellow in color no glucose What happens when the enzyme is denatured? The Enzyme does not work. Result Questions 1. In which beaker did the glow stick glow the most? wherefore do you think that is? The beaker that contained hot water. The heat from the water will speed up the chemical rate of reaction taking place, and therefore will glow brighter the cold one will pass on its rate of reaction slowed, and thus be dimmer. 2. What did the glow stick show or so enzymes and different environme nts? How does changing the temperature affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled experiment? The increasing temperature increases molecular motion and may increase the bet of times an enzyme contacts and combines with a substrate molecule.Temperature may also influence the incarnation of the enzyme molecule, making it fit better with the substrate. 3. What effect may change in PH have on an enzyme activity? The three-dimensional structure of a protein leaves certain side chains exposed. These side chains may realise ions from the environment. Under the right conditions, a group of positively charged hydrogen ions may accumulate on certain parts of an enzyme. A change in pH disrupts an enzymes shape and structure. When the pH changes an enzymes structure, the enzyme cant do its job. Changes in pH break the delicate bonds that maintain an enzymes shape.An enzyme will unravel, or denature, and become deceitful in a different pH. Stomach enzymes work in a super acidic environment of p H 2. A little way down the digestive tract, intestine enzymes need a pH of 8. 4. Why did the hamburger and liver react differently with hydrogen peroxide? They have natural catalase enzymes which were broken down with the presence of hydrogen peroxide. 5. What is the job of the lactase enzyme? Lactase is an enzyme which breaks down lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. 6. In which test tubes was the glucose present? Why?In test tube 1 the enzyme broke down the lactose . Lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and brain sugar. The lactose tablet contained lactase which hydrolyzed the lactose into constituent galactose and glucose. Glucose is naturally occurring in skim milk thus in test tube 2 found in a much littler amount than test tube 1. 7. What happened when the enzyme was denatured or altered by heat? Did it work the same? Was glucose present? There was no glucose present. It did not work at all. Summary What the class learn today about the jobs of enzymes? Wh at questions does the class still have?

Electromechanical Energy Conversion

conception Chapter 3 Electro robotlikely skillful nix Conversion Topics to covering 1. Introduction 3. vehemence and crookedness 5. skirmish 2. Electro-Motive trace (EMF) 4. double-Excited Actuators 6. Mechanical Comp binglents Introduction (Cont. ) For readiness conversion amidst electrical and robotlike forms, electromechanical whatsiss ar developed. In oecumenic, electromechanical nothing conversion impostures bath be dual-lane into three categories Transducers (for measurement and control), which transform signals of different forms. slips are microphones, pickups, and speakers Force producing devices ( elongate question devices), which produce deposits mostly for linear move drives, such(prenominal) as relays, solenoids (linear actuators), and electromagnets. free burning energy conversion equipment, which operate in rotating mode. A device would be known as a beginning if it convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, or as a motor if it does the o ther means around (from electrical to mechanical). Lorentz Force & EMF Lorentz embrace is the upshot on a point charge due to electro magnetised fields. It is given by the following equation in terms of the electric and magnetized fieldsF ? q(E? v? B) The induced electromotive force in a conductor of length l base with a speed v in a ordered magnetised field of fluxion density B burn down be determined by a e ? ?v? B? ? dl ? b In a ringlet of N turns, the induced emf can be reckon by e ? ? Concept constitute of electromechanical system modeling d? dt where ? is the flux linkage of the helix and the minus sign indicates that the induced current opposes the play of the field. It makes no conflict whether the variation of the flux linkage is a result of the field variation or cast movement. EMF EMF guinea pig EMF in a Linear Actuator Example resultantSketch L(x) and calculate the induced emf in the aggravation coil for a linear actuator shown below. Assuming infi nite permeableness for the magnetic core and ignore the fringing effect, we can express the self generalisation of the coil as L? x ? ? where Rg ? x? ? N2 ?o N 2 l ?d ? x? ? Rg ? x ? 2g L(x) L(0) 2g ?o ? d ? x? l O is the air gap reluctance. ? e? ? N 2l d? d ? Li ? di dL dx di ? ? L ? i =L? x ? ? i o v 2g dt dt dt dx dt dt EMF A champion Conductor in a Uniform Field e ? ? I dc If i=Imsin? t , e? Force and torsion Example Solution (Cont. ) If i=Idc , ?o N 2 l 2g ? Im ? Im ?o N 2l 2gFor a single conductor in a ordered magnetic field, we have v ? d ? x I m cos lettuce ? t ? vI m sin ? t ?o N l 2 2g ?o N 2 l 2g d Fm ? Il ? B ?o N 2 l In a rotating system, the contortion about an axis of rotation can be calculated by 2g d ? x cos? t ? v sin ? t ? ? T? r ? Fm v ? ? ? ? d ? x ? ? ? ? d ? x ? 2 ? 2 ? v 2 cos t ? arctan? ? where r is the radius vector from the axis towards the conductor. B Fm l I X Force and tortuousness A one after another Excited Actuator Consider a individ ually disturbed linear actuator. After a time interval dt, we notice that the speculator has moved for a distance dx under the action of the force F.The mechanical work done by the force playacting on the diver during this time interval is thus dWm ? Fdx Force and torque A individually Excited Actuator The amount of electrical energy that has been transferred into the magnetic field and born-again into the mechanical work during dt is dWe ? dWf ? dWm dWe ? eidt ? vidt? Ri2dt e ? d? dt ? v ? Ri Because dWf ? dW ? dW ? eidt ? Fdx ? id? ? Fdx e m we obtain From the total differential dW f ? ? , x ? ? ? W f , x ? i? Therefore, ? W f , x ? d? ? and ? W f , x ? ?x F dx ?W f ? ? , x ? ?x Force and Torque Force and Torque A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) From the knowledge of electromagnetics, the energy stored in a magnetic field can be expressed as ? Wf ? ? , x? ? ? i? ? , x? d? In the diagram below, it is shown that the magnetic energy i s equivalent to the area above the magnetization or ? -i curve. Mathematically, if we dress the area underneath the magnetization curve as the coenergy (which does not survive somatogeneticly), i. e. 0 For a magnetically linear (with a constant permeability or a straight line magnetization curve such that the inductance of the coil is independent of the excitation current) system, the above formulation becomes 1 ? Wf ? ?, x? ? 2 L? x? and the force acting on the plunger is then F ?Wf ? ?, x? ?x 1 ? ? ? dL? x? 1 2 dL? x? ?i 2 ? L? x? ? dx 2 dx ? 2 we can obtain Wf ? i, x? ? i? ?Wf , x? ? Wf (? , x ) dW f ? i , x ? ? ? di ? id? ? dW f ? ? , x ? ? ? di ? Fdx Therefore, ? ?W f ? i , x ? ?i ? W f ? i , x ? ?i di ? and ?W f ? i , x ? ?x F? dx ? W f ? i , x ? ?x (? , i ) Wf ( i, x ) O i Force and Torque Force and Torque A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) Example 1 Calculate the force acting on the plunger of a linear actuator as shown below. From the definition, the coenerg y can be calculated by iWf ? i , x? ? ? ? ? i , x? di ? 0 Wf ? i, x? ? ? (? , i ) Wf (? , x ) For a magnetically linear system, the above expression becomes Rg 1 L? x? i 2 2 Ni Wf ( i, x ) Rg and the force acting on the plunger is then F? ?Wf ? i , x ? ?x 1 dL? x ? ? i2 dx 2 O i (c) Force and Torque Force and Torque Singly Excited Rotating Actuator Solution to Example 1 Assume infinite permeability for the actuator core. The self inductance of the excitation idle words can be readily obtained as L? x? ? N 2 ? o N 2l? d ? x? ? 2Rg 2g Therefore, the force acting on the plunger is F? ? Rg Ni ?l 1 2 dL ? x ? 2 i ? ? o ? Ni ? 2 dx 4gThe minus sign of the force indicates that the direction of the force is to centralise the displacement so as to reduce the reluctance of the air gaps. Since this force is ca utilize by the variation of magnetic reluctance of the magnetic circuit, it is known as the reluctance force. Rg The singly unhinged linear actuator becomes a singly evoke rota ting actuator if the linearly movable plunger is replaced by a rotor. Through a derivation similar to that for a singly excited linear actuator, one can readily obtain that the torque acting on the rotor can be expressed as the negative partingial derived function of the energy stored in the agnetic field against the angular displacement or as the positive partial derivative of the coenergy against the angular displacement. Force and Torque Solution b) Voltage induced Example The magnetically-linear electro-mechanical circuit breaker as shown is singly-excited via a N-turn coil. Its magnetic reluctance varies with the angle ? as R ? Rm? ? R0 , where Rm and R0 are constant. pull a engineer the torque developed by the field from the system co-energy. When the device is excited with a direct current i=I, the angular displacement increases quadratically as ? ?t ? ? 1 ? t 2 ? ?t ? ? 0 , 2 where ? ? and ? 0 are constant. Find the voltage induced in the coil . Singly Excited Rotati ng Actuator Total turns, N = N1 + N2 Frame reluctance Rf ? rf 2 Gap reluctance Rg ? 2rg ? ? lf 2? 0 ? r wd 2lg ?0rd (2? ? ? ) , 2? ? 760 ? 1. 33 rad Rg(? ) Rcore ?g Rarmature Fm=Ni e(t ) ? ? N 2 IRm (? t ? ? ) R0 ? Rm 1 ? t 2 ? ?t ? ? 0 2 2 ? Singly Excited Rotating Actuator ? Singly Excited Rotating Actuator airgap length, lg = 0. 001 m airgap radius, r = 0. 0745 m airgap depth, d = 0. 0255 m frame length lf = 0. 496 m arm width w = 0. 024 m Singly Excited Rotating Actuator ? (? ) ? T? ? NI R f ? Rg (? ) lf Rf ? 2 ? ? r wd Magnetic flux at equilibrium ? NI ?0 ? ? ? R (? ) ? R f ?g ? ? ?0 NI lf 2 ? 0 ? r wd ? lg ?0rd? ? , Rg ? 2l g ?W f? ? ? ? N2 ? ?, ? R (? ) ? R ? f? ?g dRg dRg 2l g sign(? ) , where ? d? d? ?0 rd (2? ? ? )2 1 2 ? L(? ) 1 2 ? I ?I 2 2 122 ?1 IN 2 ?Rg (? ) ? R f ? 2 2l Rr sign(? ) 1 ? ? I 2N 2 , where Rr ? g 2 2 ?0 rd 4 ?Rg (? ) ? R f ? (2? ? ? ) ?0 rd (2? ? ? ) Restoring Torque ?1, x ? 0 sign ( x ) ? ? 1, x ? 0 NI? 0d lf l ?g 2 ? r w r? Force and Torque Sin gly Excited Rotating Actuator Singly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. ) Torque Nm Flux mWb Flux, Torque for 2-pole motorEnergy In g eneral, 1. 5 Coenergy dW f ? id? ? Td ? dW f ? ? di ? Td ? ? i W f ? ? , ? ? ? ? i ? ? , ? ?d ? W f ? i , ? ? ? ? ? ?i , ? ?di ?W f ? ? , ? ? i? ?W f ? ? , ? ? T ?W f ? i , ? ? ?i ?W f ? i , ? ? T? 0 1. 0 mWb, Nm 0. 5 0 If the permeability is a constant, W f , ? ? ? 0. 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 rotor angle 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 1 ? 2 2 L ? 1 ? ? ? dL ? 1 2 dL ? ?i 2 ? L ? ? d ? 2 d? ? ? W f ? i , ? ? ? 2 T? T? 12 i L ? 2 1 2 dL ? i 2 d? Force and Torque Force and Torque Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. If a second winding is placed on the rotor, the singly excited actuator becomes a doubly excited actuator. The general principle for force and torque calculation discussed here is equally applicable to multi-excited systems. The differential energy and coenergy functions can be derived as dW f ? dWe ? dWm where dWe ? e1i1dt ? e2 i2 dt , e1 ? d? 1 dt , e2 ? d ? 2 dt , and dWm ? Td ? Hence, dW f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? i1d ? 1 ? i2 d ? 2 ? Td ? ? and ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? d ? 1 ? d ? 2 ? d? 1 2 ? ? dW f ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? ? d i1 ? 1 ? i 2 ? 2 ? W f ? 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? ?1 di1 ? ?2 di 2 ? T d ? ? ? W f ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? Therefore, T ? i1 di1 ? ? W f ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? ?Wf 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? i2 or di 2 ? T? ? W f ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? Force and Torque Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. ) Example 3 ? ? L? 1 For magnetically linear systems, ? ? 1 ? ? L11 ? ? ? L ? 2? ? 21 L 1 2 ? ? i1 ? L 22 ? ?i2 ? ? ? i1 ? ? ? 11 ?i ? ? ? ? ? 2? ? 21 or ? 1 2 ? ? ? 1 ? ? 22 ? ? ? 2 ? ? The magnetic energy and coenergy can then be expressed as W f ? ?1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? Therefore, d? ? W f ? i1 , i2 , ? ? Force and Torque and 1 1 2 ? 1 1 ? 12 ? 2 2 ? 2 ? ? 1 2 ? 1 ? 2 2 2 W f ? i 1 , i 2 , ? 1 1 L 1 1 i 12 ? L i 2 ? L 1 2 i1i 2 2 2 22 2 ? W f ? i 1 , i 2 , ? ? 1 2 d L 1 1 ? 1 2 d L 2 2 ? d L 1 2 ? ? i1 ? i2 ? i1i 2 2 2 T ?W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? A magnetically-linear doubly-fed electromechanical actuator has deuce windings and a mechanical output with spatial rotary displacement ?. The self and mutual inductances of the windings are respectively L11 ? ? 5 ? cos(2? ) mH, L22 ? ? 50 ? 10 cos(2? ) mH, and L12 ? ? L21 ? ? 100 cos? mH. Brushless doubly-fed machine The first winding is supplied with i1 = 1. A while the second winding draws i2 = 20 mA. Determine a) The general electromagnetic torque of the actuator as a function of ? . b) The maximum torque that the actuator can develop. Solution to Example 3 (a) Solution to Example 3 (cont. ) Theenergystoredatthedoubly? fedactuatoris, 1 1 2 2 W f ? L11i1 ? L12 i1i2 ? L22 i2 2 2 1 1 ?3 2 ?3 2 ? (5 ? cos 2? ) ? 10 i1 ? (0. 1cos? )i1i2 ? (50 ? 10 cos 2? ) ? 10 i2 2 2 Theexpressionofelectromagnetictorqueisobtainedasfollows ? ?W f (i1 , i2 ,? ) T ? i1 ? 1. 5, i2 ? 0. 02 ? 2 2 1 ? (i 1 L11 ) ? (i1i2 L12 ) 1 ? (i2 L22 ) ? ? ? 2 2 1 1 (1. 5) 2 ( ? 2 sin 2? ) ? 10 ? 3 ? (1. 5)(0. 02)(? 0. 1sin ? ) ? (0. 02) 2 ( ? 20 sin 2? ) ? 10 ? 3 2 2 ?3 ? ? ( 2. 25 sin 2? ? 3 sin ? ) ? 10 Why Magnetic Field? Ratio of electrical and Magnetic Energy Densities in the air gap we ? 0 ? 0 E 2 1 ? ? wm B2 3. 6 ? 10 5 Saturation Flux absorption Bs = 2T in commonlyused magnetic materials Air breakdown voltage Ebd=1,000,000 V/m b) Atmaximumtorque, dT ?0 d? DifferentiatingTfrompart(a), 4. 5 cos 2? ? 3 cos ? ? 0 ? 1. 5 cos 2? ? cos ? ? 0 or 1. 5( 2 cos 2 ? ? 1) ? cos? ? 0 Solvingfor? bythequadraticformula, ?=55. 94and153. 25(extraneous)Substitutingthe appreciateof? intothetorqueexpressionyields, T(max) ? ?(2. 25 sin 2(55. 94) ? 3 sin(55. 94)) ? 10 ? 3 ? ?4. 57 ? 10 ? 3 Nm electric automobile Machines Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical dubiousness. The reverse task, that of converting mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generat or or dynamo. In many cases the two devices differ only in their exercise and minor construction details, and some applications use a single device to fill both roles. For example, traction motors used on locomotive often perform both tasks if the locomotive is equipped with ynamic brakes. Introduction Electric Motors Electric Machine Insulation Class DC Motors Universal (DC/AC) AC Motors instalment Synchronous Stepping Motors Brushless DC Motors Coreless DC Motors Linear Motors MEMS Nano Motors A critical chemical element in the reduced life of electrical equipment is heat. The type of insulation used in a motor depends on the operating temperature that the motor impart experience. Average insulation life decreases rapidly with increases in motor midland operating temperatures. Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion Lorentz force on any wire when it is onducting electricity while contained in spite of appearance a magnetic field Rotor rotatin g part Stator stationary part Armature part of the motor across which the voltage is supplied MaglevMagnetic Levitation Three material body AC induction motors rated 1 Hp (750 W) and 25 W with pure motors from CD player, toy and CD/DVD drive reader head traverse DC Generators / Dynamos AC Generators / Alternators As the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry, the dynamo uses electromagnetic principles to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through the use of a commutator.Without a commutator, the dynamo is an example of an alternator, which is a synchronous singly-fed generator. With an electromechanical commutator, the dynamo is a classical music direct current (DC) generator. The DC generator can operate at any speed within mechanical limits but always outputs a direct current waveform. Mechanical energy is used to rotate the coil (N turns, area A) at uniform angular speed ? in the magnetic field B, it will produce a sinusoidal emf in the coil Permanent Magnet DC Generators d? d ? ? ( NBA cos ? ) dt dt ? NBA? sin ? t e(t ) ? ? http//micro. magnet. fsu. edu/electromag/ java/generator/dc. tml Automotive alternator Rotor emf and current are induced by rotating magnetic field http//micro. magnet. fsu. edu/electromag/java/generator/ac. html Mechanical Components Mechanical Components Mass and Inertia The mechanical component which stores kinetic energy is a caboodle in a translational system, and a irregular of inertia in a rotational system. Mass and Inertia (Cont. ) The kinetic energy stored by a mass moving at a velocity v, or a moment of inertia rotating at an angular speed ?. can be calculated by ? x M T F J Wk ? 1 Mv2 2 d? d 2? T? J 2 ? J dt dt dv d 2x F? M ?M dt 2 dt 1 J? 2 2 (translational system) rotational system) comparability with the relationships of voltage, current, and magnetic energy in an inductor V? L By the Newtons second law, we have Wk ? or di dt and WL ? 1 Li2 2 we may c ompliments a mass or a moment of inertia as an inductor which stores magnetic energy, if we let J? L M? L or Mechanical Components Mechanical Components Springs An nonsuch stand out is a device with negligible mass and mechanical losses, whose contortion is a single-valued function of the utilize force or torque. A linear ideal forge has deformation proportional to force or ? 1 torque. Springs (Cont. ) For a given contortion of x and ? the potential energy stored in a spring is 1 1 W p ? ? Td ? ? K ? 2 W p ? ? Fdx ? Kx 2 T x1 F ? K ? x 1 ? x o ? ? Kx (linear spring) (torsional spring) Comparing with the relationships of electric charge, voltage and electric energy in a capacitor Q V? C F 2 2 WC ? and 1 1 Q2 VQ ? 2 2C we may regard a spring as an electric capacitor which stores electric potential energy, if we let T ? K 1 ? ?o ? ? K ? K? 1 C Friction Friction deterrent exampleling Friction force that opposes the sex act motion or tendency of such motion of two surfaces in contact. Friction between the two purposes converts kinetic energy into heat.Coefficient of clangoring (Frictional coefficient) dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of encounter between two bodies and the force atmospheric pressure them together, needs not be less than 1 under wakeless conditions, a expel on concrete may have a coefficient of friction of 1. 7. Static friction (stiction) occurs when the two objects are not moving relative to each other Rolling friction occuring when one object rolls on another (like a cars wheels on the ground), is stiction as the patch of the pall in contact with the ground, at any point while the tire spins, is stationary relative to the ground.Kinetic (or dynamic) friction occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and rub together Sliding friction is when two objects are rubbing against each other. Fluid friction is the friction between a solid object as it moves through a suave or a gas. The drag of air on an airplane or of water on a swimmer are two examples of legato friction. Lu-Gre Model (1995) ? 0 , ? 1 bristles stiffness and damping coefficient ?2 viscous friction FC , F S Coulomb and Stribeck friction ? F f ? ? 0 z ? ? 1z ? ? 2v ? z? v? v z g (v ) 2 1 g (v ) ? FC ? ( F S ? FC ) e ? v / v S ) ?0 Mechanical Components Mechanical Components moist The mechanical wet is analogous to electrical resistor in that it dissipates energy as heat. An ideal damper is a device that exhibits no mass or spring effect and exerts a force that is a function of the relative velocity between its two parts. A linear ideal damper has a force proportional to the relative velocity. In all cases a damper produces a force that opposes the relative motion of the two parts. Mechanical friction occurs in a variety of situations under many different physical conditions.Sometimes friction is unwanted but must be tolerated and accounted for analytically, as, for example, in bearings, skid electrical contacts, and the aerodynamic drag on a moving body. In other cases friction is desired and is designed into equipment. Examples are vibration dampers and surprise absorbers. d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt dx ?B dt F? B ? B? R d 2 ? ?1 ? dt d? ?B dt T? B Damper (Cont. ) Mechanical Components Mechanical Components Damper (Cont. ) The damping due to Coulomb friction, as shown by the characteristic, can be regarded as a nonlinear resistor, which can declare the voltage across it to be constant.The Coulomb friction force can be expressed as Damper (Cont. ) There is another charitable of damping caused by the drag of a viscous fluid in pissed off flow. 2 F ? ? Bs d x2 ? x1 dt F ? ?d Fn ? ? d Fn d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt ? ? ? Bs dx dt d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt ? 2 ? R ? B s dx dt dx dt ? dx dt or T ? ? Bs d 2 ? ?1 ? dt Comparing with V=RI, we may conclude that ?F R? d n dx dt ? ? ? Bs d? dt ? ? 2 2 ? R ? B s d ? dt MR Dampers as a semi-active device MR Damper New Models Non-symmetrical Model (200 7) ? F ( x) ? c0 x ? ko ( x ? x0 ) ? ?z ? ? ? z ? (? ? ( ? ? ? sign( zx) z ) x n hysteresis variable, ? , ? , ? , ? , n, c0 , k0 model parameters Bouc-Wen Model ? F ( x ) ? c0 x ? k o ( x ? x0 ) ? ? z ? ? ? ? z ? ? ? z x z n ? 1 ? ? x z n ? ? x z hysteresis variable , ? , ? , ? , ? , n , c 0 , k 0 model parameters Static Hysteresis Model (2006) ? F ( x) ? cx ? kx ? ?z ? f 0 ? z ? tanh( ? x ? sign( x)) z hysteresis variable, ? , ? , f 0 , c, k model parameters Minimally-Parameterised Model (2007) ? F G ( x ) ? D ( x ), F ( x) ? ? 1 ? F2 G ( x ) ? D ( x ), b G ( x) ? a ? ? 1 ? exp ( cx ) ? D ( x ) ? rexp? ( x / 2? ) 2 ? 0 x ? 0, x