Personality Attributes Essay Example for Free

Personality Attributes judgeLocus of controlis a theory in someoneality psychologyreferring to the extent to which individuals believe that they tramp control events that affect them. Understanding of the concept was developed byJulian B. Rotterin 1954, and has since create an aspect of personality studies. A persons locale (Latin for place or location) is conceptualised as either internal (the person believes they can control their life) or external (meaning they believe that their decisions and life ar controlled by environmental factors which they cannot influence). Individuals with a superior internal locus of control believe that events in their life derive primarily from their throw actions for example, if a person with an internal locus of control does not perform as well as they wanted to on a test, they would blame it on lack of preparedness on their part. If they performed well on a test, they would attribute this to ability to study. 1. In the test- exercise exa mple, if a person with a high external locus of control does poorly on a test, they might attribute this to the difficulty of the test questions.If they performed well on a test, they might think the teacher was lenient or that they were lucky. 1 Those with a high internal locus of control bring out better control of their behaviorcitation needed, tend to be more(prenominal) politically involvedcitation neededand are more likely to attempt to influence others than are those with an external locus of control. citation neededThey alike assign greater likeliness to their efforts being successful, and more actively seek information concerning their situation. citation needed Locus of control has generated much research in a variety of areas in psychology.The construct is applicable to fields much(prenominal) as educational psychology, wellness psychology or clinical psychology. There will probably continue to be debate somewhat whether specific or more global measures of locus o f control will prove to be more useful. Careful distinctions should also be made between locus of control (a concept linked with expectancies around the future) and attributional style (a concept linked with explanations for past outcomes), or between locus of control and concepts such as self-efficacy.The importance of locus of control as a topic in psychology is likely to tarry quite central for many years. Locus of control has also been included as one of quartet dimensions ofcore self-evaluations ones fundamental appraisal of oneself along withneuroticism,self-efficacy, andself-esteem. 2The concept of core self-evaluations was first examined by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), and since has be to have the ability to predict several work outcomes, specifically, job satisfaction and job performance 2.Machiavelllianism Machiavellianism is also a term that some social and personalitypsychologistsuse to describe a persons tendency to be emotionally cool and detached, and thus mo re able to detach from conventional morality and todeceiveandmisrepresentothers. In the 1960s, Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis developed a test for measuring a persons level of Machiavellianism.Measured on the Mach-IV scale, males are on average slightly more Machiavellian than females68. Motivation A 1992 review described Machiavellian motivation as related to cold selfishness and pure instrumentality, and those high on the trait were assumed to track their motives (e. g. sex, achievement, sociality) in duplicitous ways. More recent research on the motivations of high Machs compared to low Machs make up that they gave high priority to money, power, and competition and relatively low priority to community building, self-love, and family concerns.High Machs admitted to focusing on utter(prenominal) achievement and winning at any cost. Due to their skill at interpersonal manipulation, there has a good deal been an assumption that high Machs possess superior intelligence, or ability to understand other people in social situations. However, research has firmly established that Machiavellianism is unrelated toIQ. Furthermore, studies onemotional intelligencehave found that high Machiavellianism truly tends to be associated with low emotional intelligence as assessed by both performance and questionnaire measures.Both empathy and emotion recognition have been shown to have negative correlations with Machiavellianism. Additionally, research has shown that Machiavellianism is unrelated to a more advanced theory of mind, that is, the ability to anticipate what others are thinking in social situations. If high Machs actually are skilled at manipulating others this appears to be unrelated to any special cognitive abilities as such Self esteem Self-esteemis a term inpsychologyto reflect apersons boilersuit evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth.Conversely, low self-monitors do not participate, to the same degree, in expressive control and do not share similar concern for situational appropriateness. Low self-monitors tend to exhibit expressive controls congruent with their own internal states i. e. beliefs,attitudes, anddispositionsregard slight of social circumstance. Low self-monitors are often less observant of social context and consider expressing a self-presentation dissimilar from their internal states as a guile and undesirable.